1. Graves RJ: Clinical lectures. London Med Surg J (pt 2):516, 1835.

2. DeGroot LJ, Quintans J. The causes of autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrine Rev 10:537-562, 1989.

2.1Marino M, Chiovato L, Friedlander JA, Latrofa F, Pinchera A, McCluskey RT.1999Serum antibodies against megalin (GP330) in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84:2468-2474.

3. Morris JC, Bergert ER, Bryant WP: Binding of immunoglobulin G from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease to rat sodium-iodide symporter peptides: evidence for the iodide transporter as an autoantigen. Thyroid 7:527, 1997.

3.1. Kubota S, Gunji K, Stolarski C, Kennerdell JS, Wall J: Reevaluation of the prevalences of serum autoantibodies reactive with "64-kd eye muscle proteins" in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 8:175, 1998.

4. Mariotti S, Kaplan EL, Medof ME, DeGroot LJ: Circulating thyroid antigen antibody immune complexes. Proceedings of the Eighth International Thyroid Congress, Sydney, Australia, February 3-8, 1980.

5. Irvine WJ, Davies SH, Teitelbaum S et al: The clinical and pathological significance of gastric parietal cell antibody. Ann NY Acad Sci 124:657, 1965.

5.1:  Jenkins RC, Weetman AP.  Disease associations with autoimmune thyroid disease.Thyroid. 2002 Nov;12(11):977-88

6. Muir A, Schatz DA, MacLaren NK: Polyglandular failure syndromes. p. 3013. In DeGroot LJ (ed): Endocrinology, 3rd Ed. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1994.

7. Katakura M, Yamada T, Aizawa T et al: Presence of antideoxyribonucleic acid antibody in patients with hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:405, 1987.

8. Mackay IR, Taft LI, Cowling DC: Lupoid hepatitis. Lancet 2:1323, 1956.

8.1.Siddiqi A, Monson JP, Wood DF, Besser GM, Burrin JM. Serum cytokines in thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:435-439, 1999.

8.2 Sonnet E, Massart C, Gibassier J, Allannic H, Maugendre D. 1999 Longitudinal study of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in sera of patients with Graves’ disease.   J Endocrinol Invest. 22:430-435.

8.3 Paggi A, Caccavo D, Ferri GM, Di Prima MA, Amoroso A, Vaccaro F, Bonomo L, Afeltra A. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin Endocrinol 40:329-333, 1994.

9. Ochi Y, DeGroot LJ: Vitiligo in Graves' disease. Ann Intern Med 71:935, 1969.

10. Welti H: Skin manifestations associated with severe forms of Basedow’s disease. Bulletin der Schweirzerischen Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften 23:476-482, 1968.

11. Amoroso A, Garzia P, Pasquarelli C, Sportelli G, Afeltra A: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with urticaria and angio-oedema: disappearance of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations after thyroidectomy. J Clin Pathol 50:254-256, 1997.

12. Marino M, Ricciardi R, Pinchera A, Barbesino G, Manetti L, Chiovato L, Braverman LE, Rossi B, Muratorio A, Mariotti S: Mild clinical expression of myasthenia gravis associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:438-443, 1997.

13. Marshall J: ITP and Graves’ disease. Ann Intern Med 67:411, 1967.

14. White RG, Bass BH, Williams E: Lymphadenoid goiter and the syndrome of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1:368, 1961.

15. Mulhern LM, Masi AT, Shulman LE: Hashimoto’s disease: a search for associated disorders in 170 clinically detected cases. Lancet 2:508, 1966.

16. Mori T, Kriss JP: Measurements by competitive binding radioassay of serum antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin antibodies in Graves’ disease and other thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:688, 1971.

16.1. Wang P-W, Huang M-J, Liu R-T, Chen CD: Triiodothyronine autoantibodies in Graves' disease: Their changes after antithyroid therapy and relationship with the thyroglobulin antibodies. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 122:22-28, 1990.

16.2. Nakamura S, Sakata S, Shima H, Komaki T, Kojima N, Kamikubo K, Yasuda K, Miura K: Thyroid hormone autoantibodies (THAA) in two cases of Graves' disease: Effects of antithyroid drugs, prednisolone, and subtotal thyroidectomy. Endocrinol Japon 33:751-759, 1986.

17. Kasagi K, Kousaka T, Higuchi K, Iida Y, Misaki T, Alam MS, Miyamoto S, Yamabe H, Konishi J: Clinical significance of measurements of antithyroid antibodies in the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: Comparison with histological findings. Thyroid 6:445, 1996.

18. Amino N, Hagen SR, Yamada N, Refetoff S: Measurement of circulating thyroid microsomal antibodies by the tanned red cell-hemagglutination technique. Its usefulness in the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol 5:115, 1976.

19. Mullins RJ, Cohen SBA, Webb LMC, Chernajovsky Y, Dayan CM, Londei M, Feldmann M: Identification of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor-specific T cells in Graves’ disease thyroid using autoantigen-transfected Epstein-Barr Virus-transformed B cell lines. J Clin Invest 96:30-37, 1995.

20. Weetman AP, Gunn C, Hall R, McGregor AM: Thyroid autoantigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Lab Immunol 17:1, 1985.

21. Fisfalen M-E, DeGroot LJ, Quintans J, Franklin WA, Soltani K: Microsomal antigen reactive lymphocyte lines and clones derived from thyroid tissue of patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:776-784, 1988.

22. Soliman M, Kaplan E, Fisfalen M-E, Okamoto Y, DeGroot LJ: T cell reactivity to recombinant human thyrotropin receptor extracellular domain and thyroglobulin in patients with autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:206-213, 1995.

22.1. Aoki N, DeGroot LJ: Lymphocyte blastogenic response to human thyroglobulin in Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and metastatic cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 38:523, 1979.

22.2. DeGroot LJ, Kawakami Y, Fisfalen M-E, Okamoto Y, Yanagawa T. T cell epitopes in TPO and TSH receptor. Proceedings of the International Hashimoto Symposium--80th Anniversary of Hashimoto's Disease, Fukuoka, Japan, December 2-5, 1992.

23. Soliman M, Kaplan EL, Yanagawa T, Hidaka Y, Fisfalen M-E, DeGroot LJ: T-cells recognize multiple epitopes in the human thyrotropin receptor extracellular domain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:905-914, 1995.

23.1 Kula D, Bednarczuk T, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Polanska J, Hasse-Lazar K, Jarzab M, Steinhof-Radwanska K, Hejduk B, Zebracka J, Kurylowicz A, Bar-Andziak E, Stechly T, Pawlaczek A, Gubala E, Krawczyk A, Szpak-Ulczok S, Nauman J, Jarzab B Interaction of HLA-DRB1 alleles with CTLA-4 in the predisposition to Graves' disease: the impact of DRB1*07. Thyroid.2006 May;16(5):447-53..

24. Tandon N, Freeman M, Weetman AP: T cell responses to synthetic thyroid peroxidase peptides in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 86:56-60, 1991.

24.1. Fisfalen M-E, Soliman M, Okamoto Y, Soltani K, DeGroot LJ: Proliferative responses of T-cells to thyroid antigens and synthetic thyroid peroxidase peptides in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1597-1604, 1995.

25. Ploth DW, Fitz A, Schnetzker D et al: Thyroglobulin-anti-thyroglobulin immune complex glomerulone-phritis complicating radioiodine therapy, Clin Immunol Immunopathol 9:327, 1978.

26. Matsuura M, Kikkawa Y, Akashi K et al: Thyroid antigen-antibody nephritis: Possible involvement of fucosyl-GMI as the antigen. Endocrinol Japon 34:587, 1987.

27. Chiovato L, Bassi P, Santini F et al: Antibodies producing complement-mediated thyroid cytotoxicity in patients with atrophic or goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1700, 1993.

27.1:  Tektonidou MG, Anapliotou M, Vlachoyiannopoulos P, Moutsopoulos HM.  Presence of systemic autoimmune disorders in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases.Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Sep;63(9):1159-61.

28. der Kinderen PJ, Houstra-Lanz M, Schwarz F: Exophthalmos- producing substance in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:712, 1960.

28.1. Dobyns BM, Steelman SL: The thyroid-stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary as distinct from exophthalmos producing substance. Endocrinology 52:705, 1953.

29. Adams DD: The presence of an abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of some thyrotoxic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:699, 1958.

30. Adams DD, Fastier FN, Howie JB, Kennedy TH, Kilpatrick JA, Stewart RDH: Stimulation of the human thyroid by infusions of plasma containing LATS protector. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:826, 1974.

31. Smith BR, Hall R: Binding of thyroid stimulators to thyroid membranes. FEBS Lett 42:301, 1974.

32. Huber GK, Safirstein R, Neufeld D, Davies TF: Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies induce human thyroid cell growth and c-fos activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:1142-1147, 1991.

32a.Cornelis S, Uttenweiler-Joseph S, Panneels V, Vassart G, Costagliola S.  Purification and characterization of a soluble bioactive amino-terminal extracellular domain of the human thyrotropin receptor.  Biochemistry 40:9860-9869,  2001.

33. Rees Smith B, McLachlan SM, Furmaniak J: Autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor. Endocr Rev 9:106-121, 1988.

34. Ludgate ME, Vassart G: The thyrotropin receptor as a model to illustrate receptor and receptor antibody diseases. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 9:95-113, 1995.

35. Orgiazzi J, Williams DE, Chopra IJ, Solomon DH: Human thyroid adenyl cyclase-stimulating activity in immunoglobulin G of patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:341, 1976.

35.1. Evans C, Morgenthaler NG, Lee S, Llewellyn DH, Clifton-Bligh R, John R, Lazarus JH, Chatterjee VKK, Ludgate M. Development of a luminescent bioassay for thyroid stimulating antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:374, 1999.

35.2 Di Cerbo A, Di Paola R,  Menzaghi C, Filippis VD, Tahara K, Corda D, et al. 1999  Graves' immunoglobulins activate phospholipase A2 by recognizing specific epitopes on thyrotropin receptor.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3283-3292.

36. Endo K, Kasagi K, Konishi J, Ikekubo K, Okuno T, Takeda Y, Mori T, Torizuka K: Detection and properties of TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46:734, 1978.

36.1. Irvine WJ, Lamberg B-A, Cullen DR, Gordin R: Primary hypothyroidism preceding thyrotoxicosis: A report of 2 cases and a review of the literature. J Clin Lab Immunol 2:349, 1979.

36.11 Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax H, Neuhauser M, Mann K, Lederbogen S, Heckmann C, Esser J, Morgenthaler NG.Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are independent risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy and help to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;91(9):3464-70.

36.3. Zakarija M, McKenzie JM: Isoelectric focusing of thyroid-stimulating antibody of Graves' disease. Endocrinology 103:1469, 1978.

36.4. Endo K, Amir SM, Ingbar SH: Development and evaluation of a method for the partial purification of immunoglobulins specific for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:113, 1981.

36.5 Misrahi, M; Milgrom, E.       Cleavage and shedding of the TSH receptor.               Europ J Endocrinol             137         599-602 1997.

37. Mukhtar ED, Smith BR, Pyle GA, Hall R, Vice P: Relation of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins to thyroid function and effect of surgery, radioiodine, and antithyroid drugs. Lancet 1:713, 1975.

38. Matusura N, Yamada Y, Nohara Y et al: Familial neonatal transisent due to maternal TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins. N Engl J Med 303:738, 1980

39. Drexhage HA, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D, Bitensky L, Chayen J: Evidence for thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins in some goitrous thyroid diseases. Lancet 2:287, 1980.

40. McKenzie JM: Further evidence for a thyroid activator in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:380, 1960. .

41. Takasu N, Oshiro C, Akamine H, Komiya I, Nagata A, Sato Y, Yoshimura H, Ito K: Thyroid-stimulating antibody and TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulin in 277 Graves’ patients and in 686 normal subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 20:452-461, 1997.

41.1. Bolk JH, Elte JWF, Bussemaker JK, Haak A, Van Der Heide D: Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins do not cause non- autonomous, autonomous, or toxic multinodular goiters. Lancet 1:61, 1979.

42. Kuzuya N, Chiu SC, Ikeda H, Uchimura H, Ito K, Nagataki S: Correlation between thyroid stimulators and 3,5,3'-triiodo- thyronine suppressibility in patients during treatment for hyperthyroidism with thionamide drugs: Comparison of assays by thyroid-stimulating and thyrotropin-displacing activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:706, 1979.

43. Soliman M, Kaplan EL, Abdel-Latif A, Scherberg N, DeGroot LJ: Does thyroidectomy, RAI therapy, or antithyroid drug treatment alter reactivity of patients’ T cells to epitopes of thyrotropin receptor in autoimmune thyroid diseases? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2312-2321, 1995.

44. Fenzi G, Hashizume K, Roudebush CP, DeGroot LJ: Changes in thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins during antithyroid therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:572, 1979.

45. Mukhtar ED, Smith BR, Pyle GA et al: Relation of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins to thyroid function and effect of surgery, radioiodine, and antithyroid drugs. Lancet 1:713, 1975.

47. Tahara K, Ishikawa N, Yamamoto K, Hirai A, Ito K, Tamura Y, Yoshida S, Saito Y, Kohn LD: Epitopes for thyroid stimulating and blocking autoantibodies on the extracellular domain of the human thyrotropin receptor. Thyroid 7:867, 1997.

47.1 Mullins RJ, Cohen SBA, Webb LMC, Chernajovsky Y, Dayan CM, Londei M, Feldmann M: Identification of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor-specific T cells in Graves’ disease thyroid using autoantigen-transfected Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines. Clin Invest 96:30-37, 1995.

47.2. Misaki T, Miyamoto S, Kasagi K, Mori T, Konishi J. Serial occurrence of two types of postpartum thyroid disorders, usefulness of Tc-99m pertechnetate uptake. Clin Nucl Med 21:460-462, 1996.

48. Fisfalen M-E, Soliman M, Okamoto Y, Soltani K, DeGroot LJ. Proliferative responses of T cells to thyroid antigens and synthetic TPO peptides in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1597-1604, 1995.

49. Fisfalen M-E, Palmer EM, van Seventer GA, Soltani K, Sawai Y, Kaplan E, Hidaka Y, Ober C, DeGroot LJ: TSH-R and TPO specific T cell clones and their cytokine profile in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3655-3663, 1997.

49.1. Fisfalen M-E, Palmer EM, Van Seventer GA, Soltani K, Sawai Y, Kaplan E, Hidaka Y, Ober C, DeGroot, LJ. Thyrotropin-receptor and thyroid peroxidase-specific T cell clones and their cytokind profile in autoimmune thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3655-3663, 1997.

49.2. Mullins RJ, Cohen SBA, Webb LMC, Chernajovsky Y, Dayan CM, Londei M, Feldmann M. Identification of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor-specific T cells in Graves’ disease thyroid using autoantigen-transfected Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines. J Clin Invest 96:30-37, 1995.

49.21 Crisp M, Starkey KJ, Lane C, Ham J, Ludgate M. Adipogenesis in thyroid eye disease. Investigative Ophthalmol Visual Sci 41:3249-3255, 2000.

49.22 Bell A, Gagnon A, Grunder L, Parikh SJ, Smith TJ, Sorisky A. Functional TSH receptor in human abdominal preadipocytes and orbital fibroblasts. Amer J Physiol - Cell Physiol. 279:C335-C340, 2000.

49.221 Haraguchi K, Shimura H, Kawaguchi A, Ikeda M, Endo T, Onaya T. Effects of thyrotropin on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured rat preadipocytes. Thyroid 9:613, 1999.

49.23 Hiromatsu Y, Yang D, Bednarczuk T, Miyake I, Nonaka K, Inoue Y. Cytokine profiles in eye muscle tissue and orbital fat tissue from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1194-1199, 2000.

49.24 Wakelkamp IM, Gerding MN, Van Der Meer JW, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Both Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines in serum are elevated in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Exper Immunol 121:453-457, 2000.

49.25 Nygaard B, Metcalfe RA, Phipps J, Weetman AP, Hegedus L. Graves' disease and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy triggered by 131-I treatment of non-toxic goiter. J Endocrinol Invest 22:481-485, 1999.

49.3 Ludgate M. Animal models of Graves' disease. Europ J Endocrinol 142:1-8, 2000.

49.4:  Flynn JC, Rao PV, Gora M, Alsharabi G, Wei W, Giraldo AA, David CS, BangaJP, Kong YM.  Graves' hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis in HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) transgenic mice after immunization with thyrotropin receptor DNA.Clin Exp Immunol. 2004 Jan;135(1):35-40.

49.5. Smith TJ, Hoa N. Immunoglobulins from patients with Graves' disease induce hyaluronan synthesis in their orbital fibroblasts through the self-antigen, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Oct;89(10):5076-80

50. Hamada N, DeGroot LJ, Portmann L, Yamakawa J, Noh J, Okamoto Y, Ohno M, Ito K, Morii H. Thyroid microsomal antigen in Graves’ thyroid is not different from that in normal thyroid. Endocrinol Japon 38:471-478, 1991.

50.1 Holm IA, Manson JE, Michels KB, Alexander EK, Willett WC, Utiger RD.Smoking and other lifestyle factors and the risk of Graves' hyperthyroidism.Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jul 25;165(14):1606-11

51. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS: Cellular and molecular immunology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1991.

52. Strominger JL: Developmental biology of T cell receptors. Science 244:943-950, 1989.

52.1 Spitzweg C, Joba W, Heufelder AE. Expression of thyroid-related genes in human thymus. Thyroid 9:133, 1999.52.11. .  Sospedra M, Ferrer-Francesh X, Dominguez O, Juan M, Foz-Sala M, Pujol-Borrell R.  Transcription of a broad range of self antigens in human thymus suggests a role for central mechanisms in tolerance toward peripheral antigens.  J Immunol 161:5918-5929, 1998.

53. Wenzel BE, Franke TF, Heufelder AE: Autoimmune thyroid diseases and enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocoliitica. Autoimmunity 7:295-303, 1990.

54. Wolf MW, Misaki T, Bech K, Tvede M, Silva JE, Ingbar SH: Immunoglobulins of patients recovering from Yersinia enterocolitica infections exhibit Graves’ disease-like activity in human thyroid membranes. Thyroid 1:315-320, 1991.

55. Wenzel BE, Heesemann J, Wenzel KW, Scriba PC: Patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases have antibodies to plasmid encoded proteins of enteropathogenic Yersinia. J Endocrinol Invest 11:139-140, 1988.

56. Weiss M, Ingbar SH, Winblad S, Kasper DL: Demonstration of a saturable binding site for thyrotropin in Yersinia enterocolitica. Science 219:1331-1333, 1983.

57. Werner J, Gelderblom H: Isolation of foamy virus from patients with de Quervain thyroiditis. Lancet 2:258-259, 1979.

58. Nakachi K, Takasu N, Akamine H, Komiya I, Ishikawa K, Shinjyo T, Masuda M: Association of HLTV-1 with autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and in HTLV-1 carriers and a patient of ATL with autoimmune thyroiditis and uveites. Abstract No. PO27, presented at the 6th Asia and Oceania Thyroid Association Congress, November 9-12, 1997, Osaka, Japan.

58a. de Luis DA, Varela C, de la Calle H, Canton R, de Argila CM, San Roman AL, Boixeda D.  Helicobacter pylori infection is markedly increased in patients with autoimmune atrophic thyroiditis.  J Clin Gastroenterol 26:259-263, 1998.

58b. Szlachcic A, Sliwowski Z, Karczewska E, Bielanski W, Pytko-Polonczyk J, Konturek SJ.  Helicobacter pylori and its eradication in rosacea.  J Physiol Pharmacol 50:777-786. 1999.

59. Rochman H, DeGroot LJ, Rieger CHL, Varnavides LA, Refetoff S, Joung JI, Hoye K: Carcinoembryonic antigen and humoral antibody response in patients with thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Research 35:2689-2692, 1975.

60. Hancock SL, Cox RS, McDougall IR: Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med 325:599, 1991.

60.1 Vermiglio F, Castagna MG, Volnova E, Lo Presti VP, Moleti M, Violi MA, et al. 1999 Post-Chernobyl increased prevalence of humoral thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents from a moderately iodine-deficient area in Russia. Thyroid 9:781.

61. Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, Casolaro A, Lippolis PV, Goletti O: Appearance of Graves’ disease after percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of hyperfunctioning thyroid adenoma. J Endocrinol Invest 20:294-298, 1997.

62. Nygaard B, Helmer Knudsen J, Hegedus L, Vege Cand Scient A, Erik Molholm Hansen J: Thyrotropin receptor antibodies and Graves’ disease, a side effect of 131-I treatment in patients with nontoxic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2926-2930, 1997.62.1 Schmidt M, Gorbauch E, Dietlein M, Faust M, Stutzer H, Eschner W, Theissen P, Schicha HIncidence of postradioiodine immunogenic hyperthyroidism/Graves' disease in relation to a temporary increase in thyrotropin receptor antibodies after radioiodine therapy for autonomous thyroid disease. Thyroid.2006 Mar;16(3):281-8.

62.1. Ronnblom LE, Alm GV, Oberg KE: Autoimmunity after alpha-interferon therapy for malignant carcinoid tumors. Ann Intern Med 115:178-183, 1991.

62.2. Van Liessum PA, De Mulder PHM, Mattijssen EJM, Corstens FHM, Wagener DJT: Hypothyroidism and goiter during interleukin-2 therapy without LAK cells. Lancet 1:224, 1989.

62.3. Hoekman K, von Blomberg-Van Der Flier BME, Wagstaff J, Drexhage HA, Pinedo HM: Reversible thyroid dysfunction during treatment with GM-CSF. Lancet 338:541-542, 1991.

63. Klavinskis LS, Notkins AL, Oldstone MBA: Persistent viral infection of the thyroid gland: alteration of thyroid function in the absence of tissue injury. Endocrinology 122:567, 1988.

63.1. Bartels ED: Heredity in Graves' Disease. Copenhagen, Enjnar Munksgaards Forlag, 1941.

63.2. Martin L: The hereditary and familial aspect of exophthalmic goiter and nodular goiter. Q J Med 14:207, 1945.

63.3. Harvald B, Hauge M: A catamnestic investigation of Danish twins. Dan Med Bull 3:150, 1956.

63.4 Brix TH, Christensen K, Holm NV, Harvald B, Hegedus L. A population-based study of Graves’ disease in Danish twins. Clinical Endocrinol 48:397-400, 1998.

63.4Coles AJ, Wing MG, Hale G, Waldmann H, Weetman AP, Compston DAS, Chatterjee VKK. Anti-lymphocyte monoclonal antibody treatment of multiple sclerosis suppresses disease activity but induces Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 21:3, 1998.

63.42 Prummel, MF; Laurberg, P.               Interferon- and autoimmune thyroid disease.            Thyroid   13           547         2003

63.5   Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, Hegedus L.  Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves’ disease:  A population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:930-934, 2001.

63.5  Durelli L, Ferrero B, Oggero A, Verdun E, Ghezzi A, Montanari E, Zaffaroni M, the Betaferon Safety Trial Study Group.  Thyroid function and autoimmuinity during Interferon -1b treatment:  A multicenter prospective study.   J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3525-3532, 2001. 63.6- Hansen PS, Brix TH, Iachine I, Kyvik KO, Hegedus L. The relative importance of genetic and environmental effects for the early stages of thyroid autoimmunity: a study of healthy Danish twins. Eur J Endocrinol.2006 Jan;154(1):29-38.

64. Grumet FC, Payne RO, Konishi J, Kriss JP: HL-A antigens as markers for disease susceptibility and autoimmunity in Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:1115, 1974.

65. Farid NR, Stone E, Johnson G: Graves' disease and HLA: Clinical and epidemiologic associations. Clin Endocrinol 13:535, 1980.

65.1. Mangklabruks A, Cox N, DeGroot LJ: Genetic factors in autoimmune thyroid disease analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms of candidate genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:236-244, 1991.

66. Yanagawa T, Mangklabruks A, Chang Y-B, Okamoto Y, Fisfalen M-E, Curran PG, DeGroot LJ. Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DQA1*0501 allele associated with genetic susceptibility to Graves' disease in a Caucasian population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1569-1574, 1993.

67. Yanagawa T, Mangklabruks A, DeGroot LJ. Strong association between HLA-DQA1*0501 and Graves’ disease in a male Caucasian population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:227-229, 1994.

67.1 Chen Q-Y, Huang W, She J-X, Baxter F, Volpe R, MacLaren NK. 1999 HLA-DRB1*08, DRB1*03/DRB3*0101, and DRB3*0202 are susceptibility genes for Graves' disease in North American Caucasians, whereas DRB1*07 is protective. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3182-3186.

68. Trowsdale J, Ragoussis J, Campbell RD: Caption for Figure 2: The map of the human MHC is a compilation of physical mapping and cloning data from a number of laboratories. Immunol Today 14:349-352, 1993.

69. Geluk A, Van Meijgaarden KE, Janson AAM, Wouter Drijfhout J, Meloen RH, DeVries RRP, Ottenhoff THM: Functional analysis of DR17(DR3)-restricted mycobacterial T cell epitopes reveals DR17-binding motif and enables the design of allele-specific competitor peptides. J Immunol 149:2864-2871, 1992.

70. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS: Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1991.

70.1 Sawai YSawai Y, DeGroot LJ. Binding of human thyrotropin receptor peptides to a Graves' disease predisposing human leukocyte antigen Class II molecule. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1176-1179, 2000.

71. Farid NR, Sampson L, Moens H, Barnard JM: The association of goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis with HLA-DR5. Tissue Antigens 21:173-175, 1981.71.1. Kong YC, Lomo LC, Motte RW, Giraldo AA, Baisch J, Strauss G, Hammerling GJ, David CS.  HLA-DRB1 polymorphism determines susceptibility to autoimmune thyroiditis in transgenic mice:  definitive association with HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) gene.  J Exp Med 184:1167-1172, 1996.

71.2  Pichurin, P; Chen, C-R; Pichurina, O; David, C; Rapoport, B; McLachlan, SM.       Thyrotropin receptor-DNA vaccination of transgenic mice expressing HLA-DR3 or HLA-DQ6b.  Thyroid    13            911-917   2003.

72. Yanagawa T, Hidaka Y, Guimaraes V, Soliman M, DeGroot LJ: CTLA-4 gene polymorphism associated with Graves’ disease in a Caucasian population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:41-45, 1995.

73. Yanagawa T, Taniyama M, Enomoto S, Gomi K, Maruyama H, Ban Y, Saruta T: CTLA4 gene polymorphism confers susceptibility to Graves’ disease in Japanese. Thyroid 7:843, 1997.

74. Thompson CB: Distinct roles for the costimulatory ligands B7-1 and B7-2 in T helper cell differentiation? Cell 81:979-982, 1995.

75. Karandikar NJ, Vanderlugt CL, Walunas TL, Miller SD, Bluestone JA: CTLA4: A negative regulator of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 184:783-788, 1996.

75.1. Donner H, Rau H, Walfish PG, et al: CTLA4 alanine-17 confers genetic susceptibility to Graves’ disease and to Type I Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:143-146, 1997.

75.11 Heward JM, Allahabadia A, Armitage M, Hattersley A, Dodson PM, MacLeod K, et al. 1999 The development of Graves' disease and the CTLA-4 gene on chromosome 2q33. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2398-2401.

75.12 Vaidya B, Imrie H, Perros P, Young ET, Kelly WF, Carr D, et al. 1999 The cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 is a major Graves' disease locus. Human Molecul Genet 8:1195-1199.

75.13 Kouki T, Sawai Y, Gardine C, Fisfalen M-E, Alegre M-L, DeGroot LJ. CTLA-4 gene polymorphism at position 49 in exon 1 reduces the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 and contributes to the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. J Immunol 165:6606-6611, 2000.

75.14 Zaletel, K; Krhin, B; Gaberscek, S; Pirnat, E; Hojker, S.         The influence of the exon 1 polymorphism of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 gene on thyroid antibody production in patients with newly diagnosed Graves’ disease.                Thyroid   12           373         2002

76. Cuddihy RM, Dutton CM, Bahn RS: A polymorphism in the extracellular domain of the thyrotropin receptor is highly associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in females. Thyroid 5:89-95, 1995.

77. Kotsa KD, Watson PF, Weetman AP: No association between a thyrotropin receptor gene polymorphism and Graves’ disease in the female population. Thyroid 7:31, 1997.

77.01:  Gough S.  The thyroglobulin gene: the third locus for autoimmune thyroid disease or a false dawn? Trends Mol Med. 2004 Jul;10(7):302-5.

77.1 Ban Y, Taniyama M, Ban Y. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with Graves' disease in the Japanese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4639-4643, 2000. 78. Nakao Y, Matsumoto H, Miyazaki T, Nishitani H, Takatsuki K, Kasukawa R, Nakayama S, Izumi S, Fujita T, Tsuji K: IgG heavy chain allotypes (Gm) in autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 42:20, 1980.

77a `Hiratani H, Bowden DW, Ikegami S, Shirasawa S, Shimizu A, Iwatani Y, Akamizu T Multiple SNPs in intron 7 of thyrotropin receptor are associated with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 May;90(5):2898-903. Epub 2005 Mar 1.

77b. Dechairo BM, Zabaneh D, Collins J, Brand O, Dawson GJ, Green AP, Mackay I,Franklyn JA, Connell JM, Wass JA, Wiersinga WM, Hegedus L, Brix T, Robinson BG,Hunt PJ, Weetman AP, Carey AH, Gough SC.Association of the TSHR gene with Graves' disease: the first disease specific locus. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005 Aug 17;

78a.   Ban Y, Ban Y, Taniyama M, Katagiri T.  Vitamin D receptor initiation codon polymorphism in Japanese patients with Graves’ disease.  Thyroid 10:375-380, 2000.

78a.  Vaidya B, Imrie H, Perros P, Young ET, Kelly WF, Carr D, Large DM, Toft AD, Kendall-Taylor P, Pearce SH.  Evidence for a new Graves’ disease susceptibility locus at chromosome 18q21.  Amer J Human Genetics 66:1710-1714, 2000.

78.1 Berisso GA, van Lint MT, Bacigalupo A, Marmont AM. 1999 Adoptive autoimmune hyperthyroidism following allogeneic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling with Graves' disease. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 23:1091-1092.

78.2 Marazuela M, Garcia-Lopez MA, Figueroa-Vega N, de la Fuente H, Alvarado-Sanchez B, Monsivais-Urenda A, Sanchez-Madrid F, Gonzalez-Amaro R.Regulatory T cells in human autoimmune thyroid disease.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;91(9):3639-46.

78.11 .  Tomer Y, Concepcion E, Greenberg DA.  A C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism in the region of the CD40 gene is associated with Graves’ disease.  Thyroid 12:1129, 2002.

78.12:  Lopez ER, Zwermann O, Segni M, Meyer G, Reincke M, Seissler J, Herwig J, Usadel KH, Badenhoop K.  A promoter polymorphism of the CYP27B1 gene is associated with Addison's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germans. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Aug;151(2):193-7

78.13:  Shirasawa S, Harada H, Furugaki K, Akamizu T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Ito K, Tamai H, Kuma K, Kubota S, Hiratani H, Tsuchiya T, Baba I, Ishikawa M, Tanaka M, Sakai K, Aoki M, Yamamoto K, Sasazuki T. SNPs in the promoter of a B cell-specific antisense transcript, SAS-ZFAT, determine susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease.  Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Oct 1;13(19):2221-31. Epub 2004 Aug 04.

78.14 J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):296-301. Interleukin-13 gene polymorphisms confer the susceptibility of Japanese populations to Graves' disease. Hiromatsu Y, Fukutani T, Ichimura M, Mukai T, Kaku H, Nakayama H, Miyake I, Shoji S, Koda Y, Bednarczuk T.

78.15 Ban Y, Tozaki T, Taniyama M, Tomita M, Ban Y. The Codon 620 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-22 Gene Does not Contribute to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Susceptibility in the Japanese. Thyroid.2005 Oct;15(10):1115-8.

78.16 Kurylowicz A, Kula D, Ploski R, Skorka A, Jurecka-Lubieniecka B, Zebracka J, Steinhof-Radwanska K, Hasse-Lazar K, Hiromatsu Y, Jarzab B, Bednarczuk T. Association of CD40 Gene Polymorphism (C-1T) with Susceptibility and Phenotype of Graves' Disease. Thyroid.2005 Oct;15(10):1119-24.

78.17 T aylor JC, Gough SC, Hunt PJ, Brix TH, Chatterjee K, Connell JM, Franklyn JA, Hegedus L, Robinson BG, Wiersinga WM, Wass JA, Zabaneh D, Mackay I, Weetman AP. A Genome-wide Screen in 1119 Relative Pairs with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2005 Nov 8;

78.18. Yamada H, Watanabe M, Nanba T, Akamizu T, Iwatani Y.

The +869T/C polymorphism in the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene is associated with the severity and intractability of autoimmune thyroid disease.Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 Mar;151(3):379-82.

78.19. Zeitlin AA, Simmonds MJ, Gough SC.Genetic developments in autoimmune thyroid disease: an evolutionary process.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Dec 13

78.20. Sutherland A, Davies J, Owen CJ, Vaikkakara S, Walker C, Cheetham TD, James RA, Perros P, Donaldson PT, Cordell HJ, Quinton R, Pearce SH Genomic polymorphism at the interferon-induced helicase (IFIH1) locus contributes to Graves' disease susceptibility.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8):3338-41.

78.21. Kisiel B, Bednarczuk T, Kostrzewa G, Kosińska J, Miśkiewicz P, Płazińska MT, Bar-Andziak E, Królicki L, Krajewski P, Płoski R.Polymorphism of the oestrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Mar;68(3):429-34.

78.2 Pop SM, Wong CP, Culton DA, Clarke SH, Tisch R .Single cell analysis shows decreasing FoxP3 and TGFbeta1 coexpressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells during autoimmune diabetes.J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1333-46.

78.21 Saitoh O, Nagayama Y.Regulation of Graves' hyperthyroidism with naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in a mouse model.Endocrinology. 2006 May;147(5):2417-22.

78.3 Chen F, Day SL, Metcalfe RA, Sethi G, Kapembwa MS, Brook MG, Churchill D, de Ruiter A, Robinson S, Lacey CJ, Weetman AP Characteristics of autoimmune thyroid disease occurring as a late complication of immune reconstitution in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 Mar;84(2):98-106

80. Volpe R, Farid NR, Westarp CV, Row VV: The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 3:239, 1974.

82. Aoki N, Pinnamaneni KM, DeGroot LJ: Studies on suppressor cell function in thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:803, 1979.

83. Pacini F, DeGroot LJ: Studies of immunoglobulin synthesis in cultures of peripheral T and B lymphocytes. Reduced T- suppressor cell activity in Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol 18:219, 1983.

84. Topliss DJ, Okita N, Lewis M, Row VV, Volpe R: Allosuppressor T lymphocytes abolish migration inhibition factor production in autoimmune thyroid disease: Evidence from radiosensitivity experiments. Clin Endocrinol 15:335, 1981.

85. Sridama V, Pacini F, DeGroot LJ: Decreased suppressor T-lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid diseases detected by monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:316, 1982.

86. Topliss D, How J, Lewis M, Row V, Volpe R: Evidence for cell-mediated immunity and specific suppressor T-lymphocyte dysfunction in Graves' disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:700, 1983.86.1. Ando T, Imaizumi M, Graves PN, Unger P, Davies TF.  Intrathyroidal fetal microchimerism in Graves’ disease.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3315-3320, 2002.

87. Bottazo GF, Pujol-Borrell R, Hanfusa T, Feldman F: Role of aberrant HLA-DR expression and antigen presentation in induction of endocrine autoimmunity. Lancet 2:1115, 1983.

88. Matsunaga M, Eguchi K, Fukuda T, Kurata A, Tezuka H, Shimomura C, Otsubo T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S: Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression and cellular interactions in thyroid glands of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:723, 1986.

89. Eguchi K, Otsubo T, Kawabe Y, Shimomura C, Ueki Y, Nakao H, Tezuka H, Matsunaga M, Fukuda T, Ishikawa N, Ito K, Nagataki S: Synergy in antigen presentation by thyroid epithelial cells and monocytes from patients with Graves’ disease. Clin Exp Immunol 72:84, 1988.

90. Piccinini LA, MacKenzie WA, Platzer M, Davies TF: Lymphokine regulation of HLA-DR gene expression in human thyroid cell monolayers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:543, 1987.

91. Mukuta T, Arreaza G, Nishikawa M, Resetkova E, Jamieson C, Tamai H, Volpe R: Thyroid xenografts from patients with Graves’ disease in severe combined immunodeficient mice and NIH-beige-nude-xid mice. Clin Investigative Med 20:5-15, 1997.

92. Leclere J, Bene MC, Duprez A, Faure G, Thomas JL, Vignaud JM, Burlet C: Behavior of thyroid tissue from patients with Graves’ disease in nude mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:175, 1984.

92a. Zantut-Wittmann DE, Tambascia MA, da Silva Trevisan MA, Pinto GA, Vassallo J.  Antithyroid drugs inhibit in vivo HLA-DR expression in thyroid follicular cells in Graves’ disease.  Thyroid 11:575-580, 2001.

93. Markmann J, Lo D, Naji A, Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Heber Katz E: Antigen presenting function of class II MHC expressing pancreatic beta cells. Nature 336:476-479, 1988.

94. Iversen K: Temporary rise in the frequency of thyrotoxicosis in Denmark 1941-1945. Copenhagen, Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1948.

95. Chiovato L, Pinchera A: Stressful life events and Graves’ disease. Europ J Endocrinol 134:680-682, 1996.

96. Radosavljevic VR, Jankovic SM, Marinkovic JM: Stressful life events in the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Europ J Endocrinol 134:699-701, 1996.

97. Winsa B, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Gamstedt A, Dahlberg PA, Adamson U, Jansson R, Karlsson FA: Stressful life events and Graves' disease. Lancet 338:1475-1479, 1991.

97a. Matos-Santos A, Nobre EL, Costa JG, Nogueira PJ, Macedo A, Galvao-Teles A, de Castro JJ.  Relationship between the number and impact of stressful life events and the onset of Graves’ disease and toxic nodular goiter.  Clin Endocrinol 55:15-19, 2001.

98. Landsberg L: Catecholamines and hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 6:697, 1977.

100. Bruun E: Exophthalmic goiter developing after treatment with thyroid preparations. Acta Med Scand 122:13, 1945.

101. Vagenakis AG, Wang CA, Bruger A, Maloof F, Braverman LE, Ingbar SH: Iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis in Boston. N Engl J Med 287:523, 1972.

101.1. Stanbury JB, Ermans AE, Bourdoux P, Todd C, Oken E, Tonglet R, Vidor G, Braverman LE, Medeiros-Neto G: Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism: Occurrence and epidemiology. Thyroid 8:83-100, 1998.

102. Vidor GI, Stewart JC, Wall JR, Wangel A, Hetzel BS: Pathogenesis of iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis: Studies in northern Tasmania. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:901, 1973. Nilsson G: Self-limiting episodes of jodbasedow. Acta Endocrinol 74:475, 1973.

103. Stewart JC, Vidor GI, Butterfield IH, Hetzel BS: Epidemic thyrotoxicosis in northern Tasmania. Studies of clinical features and iodine nutrition. Aust NZ J Med 3:203, 1971.

103.1. Boukis IA, Koutras DA, Souvantzoglou A, Evangelopolou A, Vrontakis A, Moulopoulos SD: Thyroid hormone and immunological studies in endemic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 57:859-862, 1983.

103.2. Rasooly L, Burek CL, Rose NR: Iodine-induced autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD-H-2h4 mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 81:287-292, 1996.

103.3. Allen EM, Appel MC, Braverman LE: The effect of iodine ingestion on the development of spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis in the diabetes prone BB/W rat. Endocrinol 118:1977-1981, 1986.

104. Plummer HS: Results of administering iodine to patients having exophthalmic goiter. J Amer Med Assn 80:1955, 1923.

105. Feinberg WD, Hoffman DL, Owen CA: The effects of varying amounts of stable iodide on the function of the human thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:567, 1959.

106. Greer MA, DeGroot LJ: The effect of stable iodide thyroid secretion in man. Metabolism 5:682, 1956. Ochi Y, Hachiya T, Yoshimura M, Shiomi K, Miyazaki T: Inhibitory effect of excess iodide on Graves' disease. Iodine Metab Thyroid Function 6:127, 1973.

107. Buhler UK, DeGroot LJ: Effects of stable iodine on thyroid iodine release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:1546, 1969.

107.1. Schuppert F, Taniguchi S-I, Schroder S, Dralle H, Von Zur Muhlen A, Kohn LD: In vivo and in vitro evidence for iodide regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II expression in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3622-3628, 1996.

107.2 Salvi M, Pedrazzoni M, Girasole G, Giuliani N, Minelli R, Wall JR, Roti E. Serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in Graves' disease: effect of treatment, thyroid function, ophthalmopathy and cigarette smoking. Europ J Endocrinol 143:197-202, 2000.

108. Wegelius O, Naumann J, Brunish R: Uptake of 35S labeled sulfate in the harderian and the ventral lachrymal glands of the guinea pig during stimulation with ophthalmotrophic pituitary agents. Acta Endocrinol 30:53, 1959.

109. Lamberg BA, Ripatti J, Gordin A, Juustila H, Sivula A, Bjorkesten G: Chromophobe pituitary adenoma with acromegaly and TSH-induced hyperthyroidism associated with parathyroid adenoma. Acta Endocrinol 60:157, 1969.

110. Weintraub BD, Gershengorn MC, Kourides IA, Fein H: Inappropriate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann Intern Med 95:339, 1981.

111. Duprez L, Parma J, Van Sande J, Allgeier A, Leclere J, Schvartz C, Delisle M-J, Decoulx M, Orgiazzi J, Dumont J, Vassart G: Germline mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause non-autoimmune autosomal dominant hyperthyroidism. Nature Genetics 7:396-401, 1994.

112. Iversen K: Temporary rise in the frequency of thyrotoxicosis in Denmark 1941-1945. Copenhagen, Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1948.

113. Kasagi K, Konishi J, Endo K, Mori T, Nagahara K, Makimoto K, Kuma K, Torizuka K: Adenylate cyclase activity in thyroid tissue from patients with untreated Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:492, 1980.

114. Stanbury JB, Janssen MA: The iodinated albumin-like component of the plasma of thyrotoxic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:978, 1962.

115. Farran HEA, Shalom ES: Effect of L-tyrosine upon the protein bound iodine in thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:918, 1966.

116. Sterling K, Chodos RB: Radiothyroxine turnover studies in myxedema, thyrotoxicosis, and hypermetabolism without endocrine disease. J Clin Invest 35:806, 1956.

117. Ingbar SH, Freinkel N: Studies on thyroid function and the peripheral metabolism of 131I-labeled thyroxine in patients with treated Graves' disease. J Clin Invest 37:1603, 1958.

118. Uller RP, Van Herle AJ: Effect of therapy on serum thyroglobulin levels in patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46:747, 1978.

119. Greer MA, Smith GE: Method for increasing the accuracy of the radioiodine uptake as a test for thyroid function by the use of desiccated thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14:1374, 1954.

120. Werner SC, Spooner M: A new and simple test for hyperthyroidism employing L-triiodothyronine and the twenty-four hour 131I uptake methods. Bull NY Acad Med 31:137, 1955.

121. Clague R, Mukhtar ED, Pyle GA, Nutt J, Clark F, Scott M, Evered D, Smith BR, Hall R: Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins and the control of thyroid function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43:550, 1976.

122. Lamberg BA, Ard A, Saarinen P, Totterman T, Makinen T: Response to TRH, serum thyroid hormone concentration, and serum markers of autoimmunity after antithyroid therapy in Graves' disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1:9, 1978.

123. Chopra IJ, Chopra U, Orgiazzi J: Abnormalities of hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37:955, 1973.

124. Franco PS, Hershman JM, Haigler ED, Pittman JA Jr: Response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone compared with thyroid suppression tests in euthyroid Graves' disease. Metabolism 22:1357, 1973.

125. Plummer HS: Results of administering iodine to patients having exophthalmic goiter. J Amer Med Assn 80:1955, 1923.

126. Raben MS: The paradoxical effects of thiocyanate and of thyrotropin on the organic binding of iodine by the thyroid in the presence of large amounts of iodide. Endocrinology 45:296, 1949.

127. Paris J, McConahey WM, Tauxe WN, Woolner LB, Bahn RC: The effect of iodides on Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:1037, 1961.

128. Suzuki H, Mashimo K: Significance of the iodide-perchlorate discharge test in patients with 131I-treated and untreated hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:332, 1972.

129. Braverman LE, Woeber KA, Ingbar SH: Induction of myxedema by iodide in patients euthyroid after radioiodine or surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter. N Engl J Med 281:816, 1969.

130. Ochi Y, Hachiya T, Yoshimura M, Shiomi K, Miyazaki T: Inhibitory effect of excess iodide on Graves' disease. Iodine Metab Thyroid Function 6:127, 1973.

131. Buhler UK, DeGroot LJ: Effects of stable iodine on thyroid iodine release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:1546, 1969.

132. DeGroot L: Kinetic analysis of iodine metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 26:149, 1966.

133. Furszyfer J, Kurland LT, McConahey WM, Elveback LR: Graves' disease in Olmsted County, Minnestoa, 1935 through 1967. Mayo Clin Proc 45:636, 1970.

134. Tunbridge WMG, Evered DE, Hall R, Appleton D, Brewis M, Clark F, Grimley-Evans J, Young E, Bird T, Smith PA: The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: The Wickham Survey. Clin Endocrinol 7:481, 1977.

135. Vanderpump MPJ et al: Incidence of thyroid disorders in the community based on a twenty year follow-up of the Whickham survey population. Clinical Endocrinol 43:55-68, 1995.

135.1 Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, Braverman LE. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;87(2):489-99

136. Heimann P: Ultrastructure of human thyroid. Acta Endocrinol 53(suppl 110):5, 1966.

137. Pemberton J de J: Recurring exophthalmic goiter: Its relation to the amount of tissue preserved in operation on the thyroid gland. J Amer Med Assn 94:1483, 1930.

138. Adams RD, Denny-Brown D, Pearson CM: In Diseases of Muscle. New York, Harper & Row Publishers Inc, 1962.

139. Bostrom H, Hed R: Thyrotoxic myopathy and polymyositis in elderly patients: Differential-diagnostic viewpoints. Acta Med Scand 162:225, 1958.

140. McEachern D, Ross WD: Chronic thyrotoxic myopathy: Report of three cases with review of previously reported cases. Brain 65:181, 1942.

141. Askanazy M, Rutishauser E: Die Knochen der Basedow-Kranken: Beitrag zur latenten Osteodystrophia fibrosa. Virchows Arch 291:653, 1933.

142. Dudgeon LS, Urquhart AL: Lymphorrhages in the muscles in exophthalmic goiter. Grain 49:182, 1926.

143. Naffziger HC: Progressive exophthalmos after thyroidectomy. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 40:530, 1932.

144. Rundle FF, Pochin EE. Orbital tissues in thyrotoxicosis: Quantitative analysis relating to exophthalmos. Clin Sci 5:51, 1944.

146. Terndrup TE, Heisig DG, Garceau JP. Sudden death associated with undiagnosed Graves' disease. J Emergency Med 8:553-555, 1990.

148. Ezrin C, Swanson HE, Humphrey JG, Dawson JW, Hill FM: The cells of the human adenohypophysis in thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:958, 1959.

149. Scheithauer BW, Kovacs KT, Young Jr WF, Randall RV: The pituitary gland in hyperthyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc 67:22- 26, 1992.

150. Beaver DC, Pemberton J de J: The pathologic anatomy of the liver in exophthalmic goiter. Ann Intern Med 7:687, 1933.

151. Movitt ER, Gerstl B, Davis AE: Needle biopsy in thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern Med 91:729, 1953.

152. Piper J, Poulsen E: Liver biopsy in thyrotoxicosis. Acta Med Scand 127:439, 1947.

153. Bergman TA, Mariash CN, Oppenheimer JH: Anterior mediastinal mass in a patient with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:587-588, 1982.

154. Fallon MD, Perry III HM, Bergfeld M, Droke D, Teitelbaum SL, Avioli LV: Exogenous hyperthyroidism with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med 143:442-444, 1983.

156. Follis RH: Skeletal changes associated with hyperthyroidism. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 92:405, 1953.

158. Shulz H, Low H, Ernster L, Sjostrand FS: Electronenmikroskopische Studien an Leberschnitten von Thyroxin-behandelten Ratten, in Sjostrand FS, Rhodin J (eds): European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy, 1st Proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, Sept. 1956, New York, Academic Press Inc, 1957, p 134.

159. White WH: On prognosis of secondary symptoms of exophthalmic goiter. Br Med J 2:151, 1886.

160. Sattler H: In Marchand GW, Marchand JF (trans): Basedow's Disease. New York, Grune & Stratton Inc. 1952.

161. Hegedus L, Hansen JM, Karstrup S: High incidence of normal thyroid gland volume in patients with Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol 19:603-607, 1983.

162. Werner S: Classification of the eye changes of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:982, 1969.

163. Leblond CP, Fertman MB, Puppel ID, Curtis GM: Radioiodine autography in studies of human goitrous thyroid glands. Arch Pathol Lab Med 41:510, 1946.

164. Mahaux JE, Chamla-Soumenkoff J, Delcourt R, Levin S: Painful enlargement of left subtrapezoid lymph nodes in Graves' disease. Br Med J 1:384, 1971.

164.1:  Rumbyrt JS, Schocket AL.  Chronic urticaria and thyroid disease.Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004 May;24(2):215-23, vi. Review.

165.1 Brownlie BE, Rae AM, Walshe JW, Wells JE. Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicosis - 'thyrotoxic psychosis.' A report of 18 cases, with statistical analysis of incidence. Europ J Endocrinol 142:438-444, 2000.

166. Perrild H, Hansen JM, Arnung K, Olsen PZ, Danielsen U: Intellectual impairment after hyperthyroidism. Acta Endocrinol 112:185-191, 1986.

167. Feibel JH, Campa JF: Thyrotoxic neuropathy (Basedow's paraplegia). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39:491, 1976.

168. Condon JV, Becka DR, Gibbs FA: Electroencephalographic abnormalities in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 14:1511, 1954.

168.1 Shaw PJ, Walls TJ, Newman PK, Cleland PG, Cartlidge NE. 1991 Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a steroid-responsive disorder associated with high antithyroid antibody titers-report of 5 cases. Neurology 41:228-233.

168.2 Canton A, de Fabregas O, Tintore M, Mesa J, Codina A, Simo R. Encephalopathy associated to autoimmune thyroid disease: a more appropriate term for an underestimated condition? J Neurol Sci 176:65-69, 2000.

169. Woodbury DM, Hurley RE, Lewis NG, McArthur MW, Copeland WW, Kirschrink JF, Goodman LS: Effect of thyroxine, thyroidectomy, and 6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil on brain function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 106:331, 1952.

170. Ravera JJ, Cervino JM, Fernandez G, Ferrari Foreade A, Malosetti H, Muxi F, MaggioloJ, Mussio Fournier JC, Rawak R: Two cases of Graves' disease with signs of a pyramidal lesion: Improvement in neurologic signs during treatment with antithyroid drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:876, 1960.

171. Swanson JW, Kelly, Jr. JJ, McConahey WM: Neurologic aspects of thyroid dysfunction. Mayo Clin Proc 56:504-512, 1981.

172. Waldenstrom J: Acute thyrotoxic encephalomyopathy: Its cause and treatment. Acta Med Scand 121:251, 1945.

173. Feibel JH, Campa JF: Thyrotoxic neuropathy (Basedow's paraplegia). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39:491-497, 1976.173a. Bernal J.  Action of thyroid hormone in brain.  J Endocrinol Invest 25:268-288, 2002.

174. Sensenbach W, Madison L, Eisenberg S, Ochs L: The cerebral circulation and metabolism in hyperthyroidism and myxedema. J Clin Invest 33:1434, 1954.174a. Brain size decreased significantly during treatment of the hyperthyroid patients, and ventricular size increased.  This remarkable change is of uncertain cause but may involve osmotic regulation.

175. Whitfield AGW, Hudson WA: Chronic thyrotoxic myopathy. Q J Med 30:257, 1961.

176. Gold HK, Spann JF Jr, Braunwald E: Effects of alterations in the thyroid state on the intrinsic contractile properties of isolated rat skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 49:849, 1970.

177. Sanderson KV, Adey WR: Electromyographic and endocrine studies in chronic thyrotoxic myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 15:200, 1952.

178. Zurcher RM, Horber FF, Grunig BE, Frey FJ: Effect of thyroid dysfunction on thigh muscle efficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:1082, 1989.

178.1 Erkintalo M, Bendahan D, Mattei J-P, Fabreguettes C, Vague P, Cozzone PJ. Reduced metabolic efficiency of skeletal muscle energetics in hyperthyroid patients evidenced quantitatively by in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolism 47:769-776, 1998.

179. Fitch CD, Coker R, Dinning JS: Metabolism of creatine I-14C by Vitamin E deficient and hyperthyroid rats. Am J Physiol 198:1232, 1960.

180. Thorn G: Creatine studies in thyroid disease. Endocrinology 20:628, 1936.

183. Drachman DB: Myasthenia gravis and the thyroid gland. N Engl J Med 266:330, 1962.

184. Engel AG: Thyroid function and periodic paralysis. Am J Med 30:327, 1961.

185. Fisher J: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis with ventricular fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 142:1362-1364, 1982.

186. Fraser SA, Anderson JB, Smith DA, Wilson GM: Osteoporosis and fractures following thyrotoxicosis. Lancet 1:981, 1971.

187. Rosen CJ, Adler RA. Longitudinal changes in lumbar bone density among thyrotoxic patients after attainment of euthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1531-1534, 1992.

188. Langdahl BL, Loft AGR, Eriksen EF, Mosekilde L, Charles P. Bone mass, bone turnover, body composition, and calcium homeostasis in former hyperthyroid patients treated by combined medical therapy. Thyroid 6:161, 1996.

188a.        Jodar E, Martinez-Diaz-Guerra G, Azriel S, Hawkins F.  Bone mineral density in male patients with L-thyroxine suppressive therapy and Graves’ disease.  Calcified Tissue International 69:84-87, 2001.

189. Uzzan B, Campos J, Cucherat M, Nony P, Boissel JP, Perret GY. Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4278-4289, 1996.

190. Harvey RD, McHardy KC, Reid IW, Paterson F, Bewsher PD, Duncan A, Robins P: Measurement of bone collagen degradation in hyperthyroidism and during thyroxine replacement therapy using pyridinium cross-links as specific urinary markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:1189-1194, 1991.190.1 Kong YC, Lomo LC, Motte RW, Giraldo AA, Baisch J, Strauss G, Hammerling GJ, David CS.  HLA-DRB1 polymorphism determines susceptibility to autoimmune thyroiditis in transgenic mice:  definitive association with HLA-DRB1*0301 (DR3) gene.  J Exp Med 184:1167-1172, 1996.

191. Sataline LR, Powell C, Hamwi GJ: Suppression of the hypercalcemia of thyrotoxicosis by corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 267:646, 1962.

192. Sallin O: Hypercalcemic nephropathy in thyrotoxicosis. Acta Endocrinol 29:425, 1958.

193. Epstein FH, Freedman LR, Levitin H: Hypercalcemia, nephrocalcinosis and reversible renal insufficiency associated with hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med 258:782, 1958.

194. Bortz W, Eisenberg E, Bowers CY, Pout M: Differentiation between thyroid and parathyroid causes of hypercalcemia. Ann Intern Med 54:610, 1961.

195. David NJ, Verner JV, Engel FL: Diagnostic spectrum of hypercalcemia: Case reports and discussion. Am J Med 33:88, 1962.

196. Kleeman CR, Tuttle S, Bassett SH: Metabolic observations in a case of thyrotoxicosis with hypercalcemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:477, 1958.

197. Krane SM, Brownell GL, Stanbury JB, Corrigan H: The effect of thyroid disease on calcium metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 35:874, 1956.

198. Lukert BP, Higgins JC, Stoskopf MM: Serum osteocalcin is increased in patients with hyperthyroidism and decreased in patients receiving glucocorticoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1056, 1986.

199. Manicourt D, Demeester-Mirkine N, Brauman H, Corvilain J: Disturbed mineral metabolism in hyperthyroidism: Good correlation with triiodothyronine. Clin Endocrinol 10:407, 1979.

200. Cooper DS, Kaplan MM, Ridgway EC, Maloof F, Daniels GH: Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in hyperthyroidism. Ann Intern Med 90:164, 1979.

201. Bouillon R, DeMoor P: Parathyroid function in patients with hyper- or hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:999, 1974.

202. Bouillon R, Muls E, DeMoor P: Influence of thyroid function on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:793, 1980.

202.1. Garrel DR, Delmas PD, Malaval L, Tourniaire J: Serum bone gla protein: A marker of bone turnover in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:1052, 1986.

202.2. Siddiqi A, Burrin JM, Noonan K, James I, Wood DF, Price CP, Monson JP. A longitudinal study of markers of bone turnover in Graves’ disease and their value in predicting bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:753-759, 1997.

203. Peerenboom H, Keck E, Kruskemper HL, Strohmeyer G: The defect of intestinal calcium transport in hyperthyroidism and its response to therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:936, 1984.

204. Rude RK, Oldham SB, Singer FR, Nicoloff JT: Treatment of thyrotoxic hypercalcemia with propranolol. N Engl J Med 294:431, 1976.

205. Rosen HN, Moses AC, Gundberg C, Kung VT, Seyedin SM, Chen T, Holick M, Greenspan SL. Therapy with parenteral pamidronate prevents thyroid hormone-induced bone turnover in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:664-669, 1993.

205.1. Jodar E, Munoz-Torres M, Escobar-Jimenez F, Quesada M, Luna JD, Olea N. Antiresorptive therapy in hyperthyroid patients: longitudinal changes in bone and mineral metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1989-1994, 1997. 206.1. Siafakas NM, Milona I, Salesiotou V, Filaditaki V, Tzanakis N, Bouros D. Respiratory muscle strength in hyperthyroidism before and after treatment. Amer Rev Respiratory Dis 146:1025-1029, 1992.

206. Barsotti MM, Targovnik JH, Verso TA: Thyrotoxicosis, hypercalcemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Arch Intern Med 139:661, 1979.

206.1. Siafakas NM, Milona I, Salesiotou V, Filaditaki V, Tzanakis N, Bouros D. Respiratory muscle strength in hyperthyroidism before and after treatment. Amer Rev Respiratory Dis 146:1025-1029, 1992.

207. Massey DG, Becklake MR, McKenzie JM, Bates DV: Circulatory and ventilatory response to exercise in thyrotoxicosis. N Engl J Med 276:1104, 1967.

208. Stein M, Kinbel P, Johnson RL: Pulmonary function in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Invest 40:348, 1961.

209. Hamolsky MW: Asthma and hyperthyroidism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 49:348, 1972.

210. Reynolds J, Woody HB: Thyrotoxic mitral regurgitation. Am J Dis Child 122:544, 1971.

210a.       Auer J, Scheibner P, Mische T, Langsteger W,  Eber O, Eber B.  Subclinical hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation.  American Heart Journal 142:838-842, 2001.

211. Sandler G, Wilson GM: The nature and prognosis of heart disease in thyrotoxicosis. Q J Med 28:347, 1959.

212. Graettinger JS, Muenster JJ, Selverstone LA, Campbell JA: A correlation of clinical and hemodynamic studies in patients with hyperthyroidism with and without congestive heart failure. J Clin Invest 38:1316, 1959.

213. Blizzard JJ, Rupp JJ: Prolongation of the P-R interval as a manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. J Amer Med Assn 173:1845, 1960.

214. Resnekov L, Falicow R: Thyrotoxicosis and lactate-producing angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries. Brit Heart J 39:1051, 1977.

214.1. Marti V, Ballester M, Rigla M, Narula J, Berna L, Pons-Llado G, Carrio I, Carreras F, Webb SM. Myocardial damage does not occur in untreated hyperthyroidism unless associated with congestive heart failure. Amer Heart J 134:1133-1137, 1997.

214a Choi YH, Chung JH, Bae SW, Lee WH, Jeong EM, Kang MG, Kim BJ, Kim KW, Park JE .Severe coronary artery spasm can be associated with hyperthyroidism. Coron Artery Dis. 2005 May;16(3):135-9

215. Kotler N, Kyriakos M, Bouchard J, Warbasse JR: Myocardial infarction associated with thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern Med 132:723, 1973.

216. Rowe GG, Huston JH, Weinstein AB, Tuchman H, Brown JF, Crumpton CW: The hemodynamics of thyrotoxicosis in man with special reference to coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen metabolism. J Clin Invest 35:272, 1956.

217. Rodbard D, Fugita T, Rodbard S: Estimation of thyroid function by timing the arterial sounds. J Amer Med Assn 201:884, 1967.

218. Buccino RA, Spann JF Jr, Sonnenblick EH, Braunwald E: Effect of thyroid state on myocardial contractility. Endocrinology 82:191, 1968.218.1. Osman F, Gammage MD, Sheppard MC, Franklyn JA.  Cardiac dysrhythmias and thyroid dysfunction:  the hidden menace?  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:963-967, 2002.

219.1.Kahaly GJ, Nieswandt J, Mohr-Kahaly S. Cardiac risks of hyperthyroidism in the elderly. Thyroid 8:1165, 1998.

219. Woeber KA. Thyrotoxicosis and the heart. N Engl J Med 327:94-98, 1992.

220. Mintz G, Pizzarello R, Klein I: Enhanced left ventricular diastolic function in hyperthyroidism: Noninvasive assessment and response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:146-150, 1991.

221. Valcavi R, Menozzi C, Roti E, Zini M, Lolli G, Roti S, Guiducci U, Portioli I. Sinus node function in hyperthyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:239-242, 1992.

221.1. Smolenski RT, Yacoub MH, Seymour AM. Hyperthyroidism increases adenosine transport and metabolism in the rat heart. Molecul Cellul Biochem 143:143-149, 1995.

222. Dillmann WH: Biochemical basis of thyroid hormone action in the heart. Amer J Med 88:626-630, 1990222.11. Schmidt BMW, Martin N, Georgens AC, Tillmann H-C, Feuring M, Christ M, Wehling M.  Nongenomic cardiovascular effects of triiodothyronine in euthyroid male volunteers.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1681-1686, 2002. .

222.1 Fatourechi V, Edwards WD. Graves' disease and low-output cardiac dysfunction: Implications for autoimmune disease in endomyocardial biopsy tissue from eleven patients. Thyroid 10:601, 2000.

223. Pietras RJ, Real MA, Poticha GS, Bronsky D, Waldstein SS: Cardiovascular response in hyperthyroidism. The influence of adrenergic-receptor blockade. Arch Intern Med 129:426, 1972.

224. deGroot WJ, Leonard JJ, Paley HW, Johnson JE, Warren JV: The importance of autonomic integrity in maintaining the hyperkinetic circulating dynamics of human hyperthyroidism. J Clin Invest 40:1033, 1961.

225. McDevitt DG, Shanks RG, Hadden DR, Montgomery DAD, Weaver JA: The role of the thyroid in the control of the heart-rate. Lancet 1:997, 1968.

226. Tse J, Wrenn RW, Kuo JF: Thyroxine-induced changes in characteristics and activities of beta-adrenergic receptors and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate systems in the heart may be related to reputed catecholamine supersensitivity in hyperthyroidism. Endocrinology 107:6, 1980.

227. Williams LT, Lefkowitz RJ, Watanabe AM, Hathaway DR, Besch H Jr: Thyroid hormone regulation of beta-adrenergic receptor number. J Biol Chem 252:2787, 1977.

228. Ginsberg AM, Clutter WE, Shah SD, Cryer PE: Triiodothyro- nine-induced thyrotoxicosis increases mononuclear leukocyte beta-adrenergic receptor density in man. J Clin Invest 67:1785, 1981.

229. Nilsson OR, Anderson RGG, Karlberg BE: Effects fo propranolol and atenolol on plasma and urinary cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in hyperthyroid patients. Acta Endocrinol 94:38, 1980.

230. Guttler RB, Croxon MS, De Quattro VL, Warren DW, Otis CL, Nicoloff JT: Effects of thyroid hormone on plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate productin in man. Metabolism 26:1155, 1977.

231. Levey GS, Klein I: Catecholamine-thyroid hormone interactions and the cardiovascular manifestations of hyperthyroidism. Amer J Med 88:642-646, 1990.

231.1. Biondi B, Fazio S, Cuocolo A, Sabatini D, Nicolai E, Lombardi G, Salvatore M, Sacca L. Impaired cardiac reserve and exercise capacity in patients receiving long-term thyrotropin suppressive therapy with levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4224-4228, 1996.231.2. subclinical thyrotoxicosis can alter cardiac function.  The changes include increased heart rate, increased left ventricular mass index, increased cardiac contractility, diastolic dysfunction, and induction of ectopic atrial beats or arrhythmias.

231.2. Smit JW, Eustatia-Rutten CF, Corssmit EP, Pereira AM, Frolich M, Bleeker GB, Holman ER, van der Wall EE, Romijn JA, Bax JJ. Reversible diastolic dysfunction after long-term exogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Nov;90(11):6041-7

232. Nightingale S, Vitek PJ, Himsworth RL: The hematology of hyperthyroidism. Q J Med 47:35, 1978.

233. Popovic WJ, Brown JE, Adamson JW: The influence of thyroid hormones on in vitro erythropoiesis. J Clin Invest 60:907, 1977.

234. Rivlin RS, Wagner HN Jr: Anemia in hyperthyroidism. Ann Intern Med 70:507, 1969.

235. Viherkoski M, Lamberg BA: The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (G-6-PD) of the red blood cells in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 25:137, 1970.

236. Irvine WJ, Wu FCW, Urbaniak SJ, Toolis F: Peripheral blood leukocytes in thyrotoxicosis (Graves' Disease) as studied by conventional light microscopy. Clin Exp Immunol 27:216, 1977.

237. Hertz S, Lerman J: The blood picture in exophthalmic goiter and its changes resulting from iodine and operation. J Clin Invest 11:1179, 1932.

237.1 Lima CS, Wittmann DE, Castro V, Tambascia MA, Lorand-Metze I, Saad ST, Costa FF ..Pancytopenia in untreated patients with graves' disease. Thyroid. 2006 Apr;16(4):403-409.

238. Lamberg BA, Kivikangas V, Pelkonen R, Viopio P: Thrombocytopenia and decreased life-span of thrombocytes in hyperthyroidism. Ann Clin Res 3:98, 1971.

239. Adrouny A, Sandler RM, Carmel R: Variable presentation of thrombo- cytopenia in Graves' disease. Arch Intern Med 142:1460-1464, 1982.240.1. Verberne HJ, Fliers E, Prummel MF, Stam J, Brandjes DP, Wiersinga WM.  Thyrotoxicosis as a predisposing factor for cerebral venous thrombosis.  Thyroid 10:607, 2000.

241. Bergman TA, Mariash CN, Oppenheimer JH: Anterior mediastinal mass in a patient with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:587, 1982.

241.1. Okumura M, Hidaka Y, Kuroda S, Takeoka K, Tada H, Amino N. Increased serum concentration of soluble CD30 in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1757-1760, 1997

242. Lerman J, Means JH: The gastric secretion in exophthalmic goiter and myxedema. J Clin Invest 11:167, 1932.

243. Berryhill WR, Williams HA: A study of the gastric secretion in hyper- thyroidism before and after operation. J Clin Invest 11:753, 1932.

244. Siurala M, Lamberg BA: Stomach in thyrotoxicosis. Acta Med Scand 165:181, 1959.

245. Seino Y, Matsukura S, Miyamoto Y, Goto Y, Taminato T, Imura H: Hyper- gastrinemia in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43:852, 1976.

246. Wegener M, Wedmann B, Langhoff T, Schaffstein J, Adamek R. Effect of hyperthyroidism on the transit of a caloric solid-liquid meal through the stomach, the small intestine, and the colon in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:745-749, 1992.

247. Lamberg BA, Gordin R: Liver function in thyrotoxicosis. Acta Endocrinol 15:82, 1954.

248. Thompson Jr P, Strum D, Boehm T, Wartofsky L: Abnormalities of liver function tests in thyrotoxicosis. Military Medicine 548-551, 1978.

249. Klion FM, Segal R, Schaffner F: The effect of altered thyroid function on the ultrastructure of the human liver. Am J Med 50:317, 1971.

250. Greenberger NJ, Milligan FD, DeGroot LJ, Isselbacher KJ: Jaundice and thyrotoxicosis in the absence of congestive heart failure. Am J Med 36:840, 1964.

251. Ford RV, Owens JC, Curd GW Jr, Moyer JH, Spurr CL: Kidney function in various thyroid states. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:548, 1961.

252. Epstein FH, Rivera MJ: Renal concentrating ability in thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:1135, 1958.

253. Huth EJ, Maycock RL, Kerr RM: Hyperthyroidism associated with renal tubular acidosis. Am J Med 26:818, 1959.

254. Goldsmith RE, Sturgis SH, Lerman J, Stanbury JB: The menstrual pattern in thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 12:846, 1952.

255. Bray GA, Jacobs HS: Thyroid activity and other endocrine glands. In: Handbook of Physiology, Endocrinology, Washington, DC, American Physiology Society, 1974, vol III, p 413.

256. Freedberg IM, Hamolsky MW, Freedberg AS: The thyroid gland in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 256:505, 1957.\

256a. Abalovich M, Amino N, Barbour LA, Cobin RH, De Groot LJ, Glinoer D, Mandel SJ, Stagnaro-Green A Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;92(8 Suppl):S1-47

256.1:  Anselmo J, Cao D, Karrison T, Weiss RE, Refetoff S.  Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure.JAMA. 2004 Aug 11;292(6):691-5.

256.11:  Polak M, Le Gac I, Vuillard E, Guibourdenche J, Leger J, Toubert ME, Madec AM, Oury JF, Czernichow P, Luton D.  Fetal and neonatal thyroid function in relation to maternal Graves' disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;18(2):289-302.

256.13:  Poppe K, Glinoer D, Van Steirteghem A, Tournaye H, Devroey P, Schiettecatte J, Velkeniers B.  Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in infertile women. Thyroid. 2002 Nov;12(11):997-1001.

256.14. Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul;91(7):2587-91.

257. Becker KL, Winnacker JL, Matthews MJ, Higgins GA: Gynecomastia and hyperthyroidism. An endocrine and histological investigation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:277, 1968.

258. Chopra IJ, Tulchinsky D: Status of estrogen-androgen balance in hyper- thyroid men with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:269, 1974.

259. Chopra IJ, Abraham GE, Chopra U, Solomon DH, O'Dell WD: Alterations in circulating estradiol-17-beta in male patients with Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 286:124, 1972.

260. Bercovici JP, Mauvais-Jarvis P: Hyperthyroidism and gynecomastia: Metabolic studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35:671, 1972.

261. Southren AL, Olivo J, Gordon GG, Vittek J, Brener J, Rafii F: The conversion of androgens to estrogens in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:207, 1974.

262. Kidd SG, Glass AR, Vigersky RA: The hypothalamic-pituitary- testicular axis in thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol 48:798, 1979.

262.1 Abalovich M, Levalle O, Hermes R, Scaglia H, Aranda C, Zylbersztein C, et al. 1999 Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and seminal parameters in hyperthyroid males. Thyroid 9:857262.2. In thyrotoxicosis, mean sperm density is lower, and fewer sperm have normal morphology.  Motility is lower in thyrotoxic males.  The abnormalities normalize when the patients become euthyroid.

262.2 Krassas, GE; Perros, P. Thyroid disease and male reproductive function. J Endocrinol Invest 26 372-380 2003.

263. Sawers JSA, Kellett HA, Brown NS, Seth J, Toft AD: Prolactin response to metoclopramide in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55:175, 1982.

264. Kapcala LP: Galactorrhea and thyrotoxicosis. Arch Intern Med 144:2349-2350, 1984.

265. Peterson RE: The influence of the thyroid on adrenal cortical function. J Clin Invest 37:736, 1958.

266. Kenny FM, Iturzaeta N, Preeyasombat C, Taylor FH, Migeon CJ: Cortisol production rate. VII. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in infants and children. J Clin Endocrinol 27:1616, 1967.

267. Hellman L, Bradlow HL, Zumoff B, Gallagher TF: Influence of thyroid hormone on hydrocortisone production and metabolism. 21:1231, 1961.

268. Gallagher TF, Hellman L, Finkelstein J, Yoshida K, Weitzman ED, Roffwarg HD, Fukushima D: Hyperthyroidism and cortisol secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34:919, 1972.

269. Hilton JG, Black WC, Athos W, McHugh B, Westermann CD: Increased ACTH-like activity in plasma of patients with thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:900, 1962.

270. Felber JP, Reddy WJ, Selenkow HA, Thorn GW: Adrenocortical response to the 48-hour ACTH test in myxedema and hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:895, 1959.

271. Hellman L, Bradlow HL, Zumoff B, Fukushima DK, Gallagher TF: Thyroid-androgen interrelations and the hypocholesteremic effect of androsterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:936, 1959.

272. Plummer HS, Boothby WM: The cost of work in exophthalmic goiter. Am J Physiol 53:406, 1923.

273. Briard SP, McClintock JT, Baldridge CW: Cost of work in patients with hypermetabolism due to leukemia and to exophthalmic goiter. Arch Intern Med 56:30, 1935.

274. Acheson K, Jequier E, Burger A, Danforth Jr E: Thyroid hormones and thermogenesis: The metabolic cost of food and exercise. Metabolism 33:262-265, 1984.

275. Kabadi UM, Eisenstein AB: Impaired pancreatic alpha-cell response in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:478, 1980.

276. Wennlund A, Arner P, Ostman J: Changes in the effects of insulin on human adipose tissue metabolism in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 53:631, 1981.

277. Houssay BA: Thyroid and metathyroid diabetes. Endocrinology 35:158,1944.

278. Bratusch-Marrain PR, Komjati M, Waldhausal WK: Glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients with experimental hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:1063, 1985.

279. Elrick H, Hlad CJ Jr, Arai Y: Influence of thyroid metabolism on carbohydrate metabolism and a new method for assessing response to insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21:387, 1961.

280. Gerstein HC. Incidence of postpartum thyroid dysfunction in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Annals Int Med 118:419-423, 1993.

281. Kritchevsky D: Influence of thyroid hormones and related compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis and degradation: A review. Metabolism 9:984, 1960.

282. Siperstein MD, Murray AW: Cholesterol metabolism in man. J Clin Invest 34:1149, 1955.

282. O’Brien T, Katz K, Hodge D, Nguyen TT, Kottke BA, Hay ID. The effect of the treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on plasma lipids and apolipoproteins AI, AII, and E. Clin Endocrinol 46:17-20, 1997.

283. Chait A, Bierman EL, Albers JJ: Regulatory role of triiodothyronine in the degradation of low density lipoprotein by cultured human skin fibroblasts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:887, 1979.

284. Tulloch BR, Lewis B, Fraser RT: Triglyceride metabolism in thyroid disease. Lancet 1:391, 1973.

284a.Cachefo A, Boucher P, Vidon C, Dusserre E, Diraison F, Beylot M.  Hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in hyperthyroid patients.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5353-5357, 2001.

285. Arons DL, Schreibman PH, Downs P, Braverman LE, Arky RA: Decreased postheparin lipases in Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 286:233, 1972.

286. Sachs BA, Danielson E, Isaacs MC, Weston RE: Effect of triiodothyronine on the serum lipids and lipoproteins of euthyroid and hyperthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:506, 1958.

286. Kung AW, Pang RW, Lauder I, Lam KS, Janus ED. Changes in serum lipoprotein(a) and lipids during treatment of hyperthyroidism. Clin Chem 41:226-231, 1995.

286a. Ozata M, Uckaya G, Bolu E, Corapcioglu D, Bingol N, Ozdemir IC.  Plasma leptin concentrations in patients with Graves’ disease with or without ophthalmopathy.  Medical Science Monitor 7:696-700, 2001.

287. Strisower B, Elmlinger P, Gofman JW, deLalla O: Effect of L-thyroxine on serum lipoprotein and cholesterol concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:117, 1959.

288. Postel S: Total free tocopherols in the serum of patients with thyroid disease. J Clin Invest 35:1345, 1956.

289. Rich C, Bierman EL, Schwartz I: Plasma nonesterified fatty acids in hyperthyroid states. J Clin Invest 38:275, 1959.

290. Lewallen CG, Rall JE, Berman M: Studies of iodoalbumin metabolism. II. The effects of thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 38:88, 1959.

291. Crispell KR, Parson W, Hollifield G: A study of the rate of protein synthesis before and during the administration of L-triiodothyronine to patients with myxedema and healthy volunteers using N-15 glycine. J Clin Invest 35:164, 1956.

292. Sokoloff L, Kaufman S: Effects of thyroxine on amino acid incorporation into protein. Science 129:569, 1959.

293. Sokoloff L, Kaufman S, Gelboin HV: Thyroxine stimulation of soluble ribonucleic acid bound amino acid transfer to microsomal protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 52:410, 1961.

294. Kivirikko KI, Laitinen O, Aer J, Halme J: Metabolism of collagen in experimental hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in the rat. Endocrinology 80:1051, 1967.

295. Singh SP, Snyder AK: Effect of thyrotoxicosis on gluconeogenesis from alanine in the perfused rat liver. Endocrinology 102:182, 1978.

296. Marek J, Schullerova M, Schreiberova O, Limanova Z: Effect of thyroid function on serum somatomedin activity. Acta Endocrinol 96:491-497, 1981.

296a.Benvenga S, Ruggeri RM, Russo A, Lapa D, Campenni A, Trimarchi F.  Usefulness of L-carnitine, a naturally occurring peripheral antagonish of thyroid hormone action, in iatrogenic hyperthyroidism:  a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3579-3594, 2001.

297. Guttler RB, Croxson MS, DeQuattro VL, Warren DW, Otis CL, Nicoloff JT: Effects of thyroid hormone on plasma adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate production in man. Metabolism 26:1155, 1977.

298. Peracchi M, Bamonti-Catena F, Lombardi L, Reschini E, Toschi V, Maiolo AT, Polli EE: Plasma and urine cyclic nucleotide levels in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. J Endocrinol Invest 6:173, 1983.

299. Nilsson OR, Andersson RGG, Karlberg BE: Effects of propranolol and atenolol on plasma and urinary cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in hyperthyroid patients. Acta Endocrinol 94:38, 1980.

300. Wohl MG, Levy HA, Szutka A, Maldia G: Pyridoxine deficiency in hyperthyroidism. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:523, 1960.

301. Stein JA, Griem ML: Effect of triiodothyronine on radiosensitivity. Nature 182:1681, 1958.

302. Parker JLW, Lawson DH: Death from thyrotoxicosis. Lancet 2:894, 1973.

303. Means JH, DeGroot LJ, Stanbury JB: The Thyroid and Its Diseases, ed 3, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc 1963, p 203.

304. Davis PJ, Davis FB: Hyperthyroidism in patients over the age of 60 years. Medicine 53:161, 1974.

304a.. Wong GWK, Lai J, Cheng PS.   Growth in childhood thyrotoxicosis.  Eur J Pediatr 158:776-779, 1999.

305. Segni M, Leonardi E, Mazzoncini B, Pucarelli I, Pasquino AM. Special features of Graves' disease in early childhood. Thyroid 9:871, 1999.