Bibliography

1. Oppenheimer J, Schwartz H, Mariash C, et al: Advances in our understanding of TH action at the cellular level. Endocr Rev 8:288‑308, 1987.

2. Yen PM: Physiological and molecular basis of TH action. Physiol Rev 81:1097-1142, 2001.

3. Zulewski H, Muller B, Exer PM, et al: Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: Evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:771-776, 1997.

4. Refetoff S, Weiss RE, Usala SJ: The syndromes of resistance to TH. Endocr Rev 14:348-399, 1993.

5. Al-Adsani H, Hoffer LJ, Silva JE: Resting energy expenditure is sensitive to small dose changes in patients on chornic TH replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1118-1125, 1997.

6. Magnus-Levey A: Ueber den respiratorischen gaswechsel unter dem einfluss der thyroidea sowie unter verschiedenen pathologische zustand. Berl Klin Wschr 32:650, 1895.

7. Davis PJ, Davis FB: Nongenomic actions of TH. Thyroid 6:497-504, 1996.

8. Tata JR, Widnell CC: Ribonucleic acid synthesis during the early action of TH. Biochem J 98:604-620, 1966.

9. Schadlow AR, Surks MI, Schwartz HL, et al: Specific triiodothyronine binding sites in the anterior pituitary of the rat. Science 176:1252-1254, 1972.

10. Samuels HH, Tsai JS, Casanova J, et al: TH action: in vitro characterization of solubilized nuclear receptors from rat liver and cultured GH1 cells. J Clin Invest 54:853-865, 1974.

11. Koerner D, Schwartz HL, Surks MI, et al: Binding of selected iodothyronine analogues to receptor sites of isolated rat hepatic nuclei. High correlation between structural requirements for nuclear binding and biological activity. J Biol Chem 250:6417-6423, 1975.

12. Samuels HH, Stanley F, Casanova J: Relationship of receptor affinity to the modulation of TH nuclear receptor levels and growth hormone synthesis by L- triiodothyronine and iodothyronine analogues in cultured GH1 cells. J Clin Invest 63:1229-1240, 1979.

13. Schwartz HL, Trence D, Oppenheimer JH, et al: Distribution and metabolism of L- and D-triiodothyronine (T3) in the rat: preferential accumulation of L-T3 by hepatic and cardiac nuclei as a probable explanation of the differential biologic potency of T3 enantiomers. Endocrinology 113:1236-1243, 1983.

14. Sap J, Munoz A, Damm K, et al: The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for TH. Nature 324:635-640, 1986.

15. Weinberger C, Thompson CC, Ong ES, et al: The c-erb-A gene encodes a TH receptor. Nature 324:641-646, 1986.

16. Harvey CB, Williams GR: Mechanism of TH action. Thyroid 12:441-6, 2002.

17. Forrest D Vennstrom B: Functions of TH receptors in mice. Thyroid 10: 41-52, 2000.

18. Flamant F, Samarut J. TH receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 14:85-90.

19. Berry MJ, Larsen PR: The role of selenium in TH action. Endocr Rev 13:207-219, 1992.

20. Kohrle J: TH deiodinases--a selenoenzyme family acting as gate keepers to TH action. Acta Med Austriaca 23:17-30, 1996.

21. Silva JE, Dick TE, Larsen PR: The contribution of local tissue thyroxine monodeiodination to the nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in pituitary, liver, and kidney of euthyroid rats. Endocrinology 103:1196-1207, 1978.

22. Larsen PR, Frumess RD: Comparison of the biological effects of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the rat. Endocrinology 100:980-988, 1977.

23. Maia AL, Kim BW, Huang SA, Harney JW, Larsen PR 2005 Type iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest 115:2524-33

24. Jansen J, Friesema EC, Milici C, Visser TJ 2005 Thyroid hormone transporters in health and disease. Thyroid 15:757-68

25. Dumitrescu AM, Liao XH, Best TB, Brockmann K, Refetoff S 2004 A novel syndrome combining thyroid and neurological abnormalities is associated with mutations in a monocarboxylate transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 74:168-75

26. Spindler SR, MacLeod KM, Ring J, et al: TH receptors: binding characteristics and lack of hormonal dependency for nuclear localization. J Biol Chem 250:4113-4119, 1975.

27. Rastinejad F, Perlmann T, Evans RM, et al: Structural determinants of nuclear receptor assembly on DNA direct repeats. Nature 375:203-211, 1995

28. Perlman AJ, Stanley F, Samuels HH: TH nuclear receptor: evidence for multimeric organization in chromatin. J Biol Chem 257:930-938, 1982.

29. MacLeod KM, Baxter JD: Chromatin receptors for THs: interactions of the solubilized proteins with DNA. J Biol Chem 251:7380-7387, 1976.

30. Jump DB, Seelig S, Schwartz HL, et al: Association of TH receptor with rat liver chromatin. Biochemistry 20:6781-6789, 1981.

31. McKenna, N.J., R.B. Lanz, and B.W. O'Malley: Nuclear receptor coregulators: cellular and molecular biology. Endocr Rev. 20:321-344. 1999.

.

32. Zhang J, Lazar MA: The mechanism of action of THs. Annu Rev Physiol. 62:439-466, 2000.

33. Thompson CC, Weinberger C, Lebo R, et al: Identification of a novel TH receptor expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. Science 237:1610-1614, 1987.

34. Drabkin H, Kao FT, Hartz J, et al: Localization of human ERBA2 to the 3p22----3p24.1 region of chromosome 3 and variable deletion in small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:9258-9262, 1988..

35. Mader S, Kumar V, de VH, et al: Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element. Nature 338:271-274, 1989.

36. Umesono K, Evans RM: Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/TH receptors. Cell 57:1139-1146, 1989.

37. Yen PM, Ikeda M, Wilcox EC, et al. 1994 Half-site arrangement of hybrid glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone response elements specifies thyroid hormone receptor complex binding to DNA and transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem 269:12704-12709

38. Nelson CC, Faris JS, Hendy SC, et al: Functional analysis of the amino acids in the DNA recognition alpha- helix of the human TH receptor. Mol Endocrinol 7:1185-1195, 1993.

39. Wagner RL, Apriletti JW, McGrath ME, et al: A structural role for hormone in the TH receptor. Nature 378:690-697, 1995.

40. Hu X, Lazar MA: The CoRNR motif controls the recruitment of corepressors by nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 402: 93-6, 1999.

41. Nagy L, Kao HY, Love JD, et al: Mechanism of corepressor binding and release from nuclear hormone receptors. Genes Dev 13: 3209-16, 1999.

42. Perissi, V., L. M. Staszewski, E. M. McInerney, et al: Molecular determinants of nuclear receptor-corepressor interaction. Genes Dev 13: 3198-208, 1999.

43. Feng, W., R. C. Ribeiro, R. L. Wagner, et al: Hormone-dependent coactivator binding to a hydrophobic cleft on nuclear receptors. Science 280: 1747-9, 1998.

44. Lazar MA, Hodin RA, Darling DS, et al: Identification of a rat c-erbAa-related protein which binds deoxyribonucleic acid but does not bind TH. Mol Endocrinol 2:893-901, 1988.

45. Mitsuhashi T, Tennyson GE, Nikodem VM: Alternative splicing generates messages encoding rat c-erbA proteins that do not bind TH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:5804-5808, 1988.

46. Izumo S, Mahdavi V: TH receptor alpha isoforms generated by alternative splicing differentially activate myosin HC gene transcription. Nature 334:539-542, 1988.

47. Nakai A, Seino S, Sakurai A, et al: Characterization of a TH receptor expressed in human kidney and other tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:2781-2785, 1988.

48. Schueler PA, Schwartz HL, Strait KA, et al: Binding of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and its analogs to the in vitro translational products of c-erbA protooncogenes: differences in the affinity of the a and ß forms for the acetic acid analog and failure of the human testis and kidney products to bind T3. Mol Endocrinol 4:227-234, 1990.

49. Lazar MA, Hodin RA, Chin WW: Human carboxy-terminal variant of a-type c-erbA inhibits trans-activation by TH receptors without binding TH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:7771-7774, 1989.

50. Koenig RJ, Lazar MA, Hodin RA, et al: Inhibition of TH action by a non-hormone binding c-erbA protein generated by alternative mRNA splicing. Nature 337:659-661, 1989.

51. Rentoumis A, Chatterjee VKK, Madison LD, et al: Negative and positive transcriptional regulation by TH receptor isoforms. Mol Endocrinol 4:1522-1531, 1990.

52. Katz D, Berrodin TJ, Lazar MA: The unique C-termini of the TH receptor variant, c-erbAa2, and TH receptor a1 mediate different DNA-binding and heterodimerization properties. Mol Endocrinol 6:805-814, 1992.

53. Nagaya T, Jameson JL: Distinct dimerization domains provide antagonist pathways for TH receptor action. J Biol Chem 268:24278-24282, 1993.

54. Yang YZ, Burgos-Trinidad M, Wu Y, et al: TH receptor variant alpha2. Role of the ninth heptad in dna binding, heterodimerization with retinoid X receptors, and dominant negative activity. J Biol Chem 271:28235-28242, 1996.

55. Tagami T, Kopp P, Johnson W, et al: The TH receptor variant alpha2 is a weak antagonist because it is deficient in interactions with nuclear receptor corepressors. Endocrinology 139:2535-2544, 1998..

56. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Chin WW: Differential and tissue-specific regulation of the multiple rat c- erbA messenger RNA species by TH. J Clin Invest 85:101-105, 1990.

57. Katz D, Lazar MA: Dominant negative activity of an endogenous TH receptor variant (alpha 2) is due to competition for binding sites on target genes. J Biol Chem 268:20904-20910, 1993..

58. Farsetti A, Lazar J, Phyillaier M, et al: Active repression by TH receptor splicing variant alpha2 requires specific regulatory elements in the context of native triiodothyronine-regulated gene promoters. Endocrinology 138:4705-4712, 1997.

59. Liu RT, Suzuki S, Miyamoto T, et al: The dominant negative effect of TH receptor splicing variant alpha 2 does not require binding to a thyroid response element. Mol Endocrinol 9:86-95, 1995.

60. Katz D, Reginato M, Lazar M: Functional regulation of TH receptor variant TR alpha 2 by phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 15:2341‑2348, 1995.

61. Miyajima N, Horiuchi R, Shibuya Y, et al: Two erbA homologs encoding proteins with different T3 binding capacities are transcribed from opposite DNA strands of the same genetic locus. Cell 57:31-39, 1989.

62. Lazar MA, Hodin RA, Darling DS, et al: A novel member of the thyroid/steroid hormone receptor family is encoded by the opposite strand of the rat c-erbA alpha transcriptional unit. Mol Cell Biol 9:1128-1136, 1989.

63. Spanjaard RA, Nguyen VP, Chin WW: Rat Rev-erbA alpha, an orphan receptor related to TH receptor, binds to specific TH response elements. Molecular Endocrinology 8: 286-295, 1994.

64. Harding HP, Lazar MA: The monomer-binding orphan receptor Rev-Erb represses transcription as a dimer on a novel direct repeat. Mol Cell Biol 15:4791-4802, 1995.

65. Zamir I, Dawson J, Lavinsky RM, et al: Cloning and characterization of a corepressor and potential component of the nuclear hormone receptor repression complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:14400-14405, 1997.

66. Munroe SH, Lazar MA: Inhibition of c-erbA mRNA splicing by a naturally occurring antisense RNA. J Biol Chem 266:22083-22086, 1991.

67. Lazar MA, Hodin RA, Cardona G, et al: Gene expression from the c-erbA alpha/Rev-ErbA alpha genomic locus. Potential regulation of alternative splicing by opposite strand transcription. J Biol Chem 265:12859-12863, 1990.

68. Hodin RA, Lazar MA, Wintman BI, et al: Identification of a TH receptor that is pituitary- specific. Science 244:76-79, 1989.

69. Oberste-Berghaus CK, Zanger K, Hashimoto K, et al: TH-independent interaction between the TH receptor beta2 amino terminus and coactivators. J Biol Chem 275: 1787-92, 2000.

70. Tomura H, Lazar J, Phyillaier M, et al: The N-terminal region (A/B) of rat TH receptors alpha 1, beta 1, but not beta 2 contains a strong TH-dependent transactivation function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:5600-5604, 1995.

71. Satoh T, Yamada M, Iwasaki T, et al: Negative regulation of the gene for the preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone from the mouse by TH requires additional factors in conjunction with TH receptors. J Biol Chem 271:27919-27926, 1996.

72. Safer JD, Langlois MF, Cohen R, et al: Isoform variable action among TH receptor mutants provides insight into pituitary resistance to TH. Mol Endocrinol 11:16-26, 1997.

73. Chassande, O., A. Fraichard, K. Gauthier, et al: Identification of transcripts initiated from an internal promoter in the c-erbA alpha locus that encode inhibitors of retinoic acid receptor-alpha and triiodothyronine receptor activities. Mol Endocrinol 11: 1278-90, 1997.

74. Williams GR. Cloning and characterization of two novel TH receptor beta isoforms. Mol Cell Biol. 20:8329-42, 2000.

75. Strait KA, Schwartz HL, Perez-Castillo A, et al: Relationship of c-erbA mRNA content to tissue triiodothyronine nuclear binding capacity and function in developing and adult rats. J Biol Chem 265:10514-10521, 1990.

76. Forrest D, Sjoberg M, Vennstrom B: Contrasting developmental and tissue-specific expression of alpha and beta TH receptor genes. EMBO J 9:1519-1528, 1990.

77. Cook CB, Kakucska I, Lechan RM, et al: Expression of TH receptor ß2 in rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 130:1077-1079, 1992.

78. Lechan RM, Qi Y, Berrodin TJ, et al: Immunocytochemical delineation of TH receptor beta 2-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Endocrinology 132:2461-2469, 1993.

79. Bradley DJ, Towle HC, Young WS, 3rd: Alpha and beta TH receptor (TR) gene expression during auditory neurogenesis: evidence for TR isoform-specific transcriptional regulation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:439-443, 1994.

80. Oppenheimer JH, Schwartz HL: Molecular basis of TH-dependent brain development 18:462-475, 1997.

81. Kanamori A, Brown DD: The regulation of TH receptor beta genes by TH in Xenopus laevis. J Biol Chem 267:739-745, 1992.

82. Yen PM, Feng X, Flamant F,et al: Effects of Hormonal Status and TH Receptor (TR) Isoforms on Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles in TR Knockout Mice. EMBO reports 4:581-587, 2003.

83. Feng X, Yuan J, Meltzer PB, Yen PM. TH regulation of hepatic genes in vivo detected by cDNA microarray. Mol Endocrinol 2000; 14: 947-955.

84. Flores-Morales A, Gullberg H, Fernandez L, et al: Patterns of liver gene expression governed by TRbeta.Mol Endocrinol. 16:1257-68, 2002.

84a. Leedman PJ, Stein AR, Chin WW Regulated specific protein binding to a conserved region of the 3'-untranslated region of thyrotropin beta-subunit mRNA. Mol Endocrinol 9:375-87, 1995.

85. Williams GR, Brent GA. TH response elements. In B. D. Weintraub: Molecular Endocrinology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Correlations. New York, Raven Press, 1994.

86. Katz RW, Subauste JS, Koenig RJ: The interplay of half-site sequence and spacing on the activity of direct repeat TH response elements. J Biol Chem 270:5238-5242, 1995.

87. Katz RW, Koenig RJ: Nonbiased identification of DNA sequences that bind TH receptor alpha 1 with high affinity. J Biol Chem 268:19392-19397, 1993.

88. Umesono K, Murakami KK, Thompson CC, et al: Direct repeats as selective response elements for the TH, retinoic acid, and vitamin D receptors. Cell 65:1255-1266, 1991.

89. Näär A, Boutin J, SM L, et al: The orientation and spacing of core DNA-binding motifs dictate selective transcriptional responses to three nuclear receptors. Cell 65:1267-1279, 1991.

90.  Mangelsdorf D, Evans R: The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors. Cell 83:841-850, 1995.

91. Wahlstrom GM, Sjoberg M, Andersson M, et al: Binding characteristics of the TH receptor homo- and heterodimers to consensus AGGTCA repeat motifs. Mol Endocrinol 6:1013-1022, 1992.

92. Yen PM, Brubaker JH, Apriletti JW, Baxter JD, Chin WW 1994 Roles of T3 and DNA-binding on thyroid hormone receptor complex formation. Endocrinology 134:1075-1081

93. Perlmann T, Rangarajan PN, Umesono K, et al: Determinants for selective RAR and TR recognition of direct repeat HREs. Genes Dev 7:1411-1422, 1993.

94. Zechel C, Shen XQ, Chen JY, et al: The dimerization interfaces formed between the DNA binding domains of RXR, RAR and TR determine the binding specificity and polarity of the full-length receptors to direct repeats. Embo J 13:1425-1433, 1994.

95. Collingwood TN, Butler A, Tone Y, et al: TH-mediated enhancement of heterodimer formation between TH receptor beta and retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem 272:13060-13065, 1997.

96. Yen PM, Darling DS, Carter RL, et al: Triiodothyronine (T3) decreases binding to DNA by T3-receptor homodimers but not receptor-auxiliary protein heterodimers. J Biol Chem 267:3565-3568, 1992.

97. Levin AA, Sturzenbecker LJ, Kazmer S, et al: 9-cis retinoic acid stereoisomer binds and activates the nuclear receptor RXRa. Nature 355:359-361, 1992.

98. Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Dyck JA, et al: 9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor. Cell 68:397-406, 1992.

99. Zhang J, Lazar MA: The mechanism of action of THs. Annu Rev Physiol 62, 439-466, 2000.

100. Torchia J, Glass C, Rosenfeld MG: Co-activators and co-repressors in the integration of transcriptional responses. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 10:373-383, 1998

101. Brent GA, Dunn MK, Harney JW, et al: TH aporeceptor represses T3-inducible promoters and blocks activity of the retinoic acid receptor. New Biol 1:329-336, 1989.

102. Damm K, Thompson CC, Evans RM: Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist. Nature 339:593-597, 1989.

103. Baniahmad A, Kohne AC, Renkawitz R: A transferable silencing domain is present in the TH receptor, in the v-erbA oncogene product and in the retinoic acid receptor. EMBO J 11:1015-1023, 1992.

104. Chen JD, Evans RM: A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 377:454-457, 1995.

105. Horlein AJ, Naar AM, Heinzel T, et al: Ligand-independent repression by the TH receptor mediated by a nuclear receptor co-repressor. Nature 377:397-404, 1995.

106. Nan X, Ng H, Johnson CA et al: Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex. Nature 393: 386-9, 1998.

107. Wade PA, Gegonne A, Jones PL, et al: Mi-2 complex couples DNA methylation to chromatin remodelling and histone deacetylation. Nat Genet 23: 62-6, 1999.

108. Gothe S, Wang Z, Ng L, et al: Mice devoid of all known TH receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturation. Genes Dev 13: 1329-41, 1999.

109. Gauthier K, Chassande O, Plateroti M, et al: Different functions for the TH receptors TRalpha and TRbeta in the control of TH production and post-natal development. Embo J 18: 623-31, 1999.

110. Onate SA, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ, et al: Sequence and characterization of a coactivator for the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 270:1354-1357, 1995.

111. Voegel JJ, Heine MJS, Zechel C, et al: TIF2, a 160 kDa transcriptional mediator for the ligand-dependent activation function AF-2 of nuclear receptors. EMBO J 15:3667-3675, 1996.

112. Hong H, Kohli K, Trivedi A, et al: GRIP1, a novel mouse protein that serves as a transcrptional coactivator in yeast for the hormone binding domains of steroid receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4948-4952, 1996.

113. Yang X-J, Ogryzko VV, Nishikawa J, et al: A p300/CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A. Nature 319-324, 1996.

114. Kwok RP, Lundblad JR, Chrivia JC, et al: Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB. Nature 370:223-226, 1994.

115. Eckner R, Ewen ME, Newsome D, et al: Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the adenovirus E1A- associated 300-kD protein (p300) reveals a protein with properties of a transcriptional adaptor. Genes Dev 8:869-884, 1994.

116. Torchia J, Rose DW, Inostrova J, et al: The transcriptional coactivator p/CIP binds CBP and mediates nuclear-receptor function.Nature 387:677-684, 1997.

117. Fondell JD, Guermah M, Malik S, et al: TH receptor-associated proteins and general positive cofactors mediate TH receptor function in the absence of the TATA box-binding protein-associated factors of TFIID. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:1959-1964, 1999.

118. Rachez C, Suldan Z, Ward J, et al: A novel protein complex that interacts with the vitamin D3 receptor in a ligand-dependent manner and enhances VDR transactivation in a cell- free system. Genes Dev 12:1787-1800, 1998.

119. Ito M, Roeder RG: The TRAP/SMCC/Mediator complex and TH receptor function. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 12:127-134, 2001.

120. Rachez C, Freedman, LP: Mediator complexes and transcription. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 13:274-280, 2001.

121. Sharma D, Fondell JD: Ordered recruitment of histone acetyltransferases and the TRAP/Mediator complex to TH-responsive promoters in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99:7934-7939, 2002.

122. Shang Y, Hu X, DiRenzo J, et al: Cofactor dynamics and sufficiency in estrogen receptor-regulated transcription. Cell. 103:843-852, 2000.

123. Reid G, Hubner MR, Metivier R,et al: Cyclic, proteasome-mediated turnover of unliganded and liganded ERalpha on responsive promoters is an integral feature of estrogen signaling. Mol Cell 11: 695-707, 2003.

124. Liu Y, Xia X, Fondell JD, Yen PM 2006 Thyroid hormone-regulated target genes have distinct patterns of coactivator recruitment and histone acetylation. Mol Endocrinol 20:483-90

125. DiRenzo J, Shang Y, Phelan M, et al. 2000 BRG-1 is recruited to estrogen-responsive promoters and cooperates with factors involved in histone acetylation. Mol Cell Biol 20:7541-9.

126. Nagaich AK, Walker DA, Wolford R, Hager GL 2004 Rapid periodic binding and displacement of the glucocorticoid receptor during chromatin remodeling. Mol Cell 14:163-74

127. Hollenberg AN, Monden T, Flynn TR, et al: The human thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene is regulated by TH through two distinct classes of negative TH response elements. Mol Endocrinol 9:540-550, 1995.

128. Chatterjee VKK, Lee JK, Rentoumis A, et al: Negative regulation of the thyroid-stimulating hormone alpha gene by TH: receptor interaction adjacent to the TATA box. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:9114-9118, 1989.

129. Bodenner DL, Mroczynski MA, Weintraub BD, et al: A detailed functional and structural analysis of a major TH inhibitory element in the human thyrotropin beta-subunit gene. J Biol Chem 266:21666-21673, 1991.

130. Zhang XK, Wills KN, Husmann M, et al: Novel pathway for TH receptor action through interaction with jun and fos oncogene activities. Mol Cell Biol 11:6016-6025, 1991.

131. Lopez G, Schaufele F, Webb P, et al: Positive and negative modulation of Jun action by TH receptor at a unique AP1 site. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 13:3042-9.

132. Pernasetti F, Caccavelli L, Van de Weerdt C, et al: TH inhibits the human prolactin gene promoter by interfering with activating protein-1 and estrogen stimulations. Mol Endocrinol 11:986-996, 1997.

133. Tansey WP, Catanzaro DF: Sp1 and TH receptor differentially activate expression of human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin genes. J Biol Chem 266:9805-9813, 1991.

134. Schaufele F, West BL, Reudelhuber TL: Overlapping Pit-1 and Sp1 binding sites are both essential to full rat growth hormone gene promoter activity despite mutually exclusive Pit-1 and Sp1 binding. J Biol Chem 265:17189-17196, 1990.

135. Schaufele F, West BL, Baxter JD: Synergistic activation of the rat growth hormone promoter by Pit-1 and the TH receptor. Mol Endocrinol 6:656-665, 1992.

136. Barrera-Hernandez G, Zhan Q, Wong R, et al: TH receptor is a negative regulator in p53-mediated signaling pathways. DNA Cell Biol 17:743-750, 1998.

137. Qi JS, Yuan Y, Desai-Yajnik V, et al: Regulation of the mdm2 oncogene by TH receptor. Mol Cell Biol 19:864-872, 1999.

138. Lutz M, Burke LJ, LeFevre P, et al: TH-regulated enhancer blocking: cooperation of CTCF and TH receptor The EMBO Journal 22: 1579-1587, 2003.

139. Tagami T, Madison LD, Nagaya T, et al: Nuclear receptor corepressors activate rather than suppress basal transcription of genes that are negatively regulated by TH. Mol Cell Biol 17:2642-2648, 1997.

140. Tagami T, Gu WX, Peairs PT, et al: A novel natural mutation in the TH receptor defines a dual functional domain that exchanges nuclear receptor corepressors and coactivators. Mol Endocrinol 12:1888-1902, 1998.

141. Weiss RE, Xu J, Ning G, Pohlenz J, O'Malley BW, Refetoff S 1999 Mice deficient in the steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1) are resistant to thyroid hormone. Embo J 18:1900-4.

142. Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Shibusawa N, Nikrodhanond A, et al. 2005 Negative regulation by thyroid hormone receptor requires an intact coactivator-binding surface. J Clin Invest 115:2517-23.

143. Sasaki S, Lesoon-Wood LA, Dey A, et al: Ligand-induced recruitment of a histone deacetylase in the negative-feedback regulation of the thyrotropin beta gene. Embo J 18: 5389-98, 1999.

144. Abel ED, Boers ME, Pazos-Moura, C, et al: Divergent roles for TH receptor beta isoforms in the endocrine axis and auditory system. J Clin Invest 104, 291-300, 1999.

145. Wikstrom L, Johansson C, Salto C, et al: Abnormal heart rate and body temperature in mice lacking TH receptor alpha 1. Embo J 17, 455-461, 1998.

146. Fraichard A, Chassande O, Plateroti, M et al: The T3R alpha gene encoding a TH receptor is essential for post-natal development and TH production. Embo J 16, 4412-4420, 1997.

148. Johansson C, Vennstrom B, Thoren P: Evidence that decreased heart rate in TH receptor-alpha1- deficient mice is an intrinsic defect. Am J Physiol 275:R640-646, 1998.

149.Macchia, P.E., Takeuchi, Y., Kawai, T., Cua, K., Gauthier, K., Chassande, O., Seo, H., Hayashi, Y., Samarut, J., Murata, Y., Weiss, R.E. and Refetoff, S. (2001) Increased sensitivity to TH in mice with complete deficiency of TH receptor alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 349-354.

150. Forrest D, Hanebuth E, Smeyne RJ, et al: Recessive resistance to TH in mice lacking TH receptor beta: evidence for tissue-specific modulation of receptor function. Embo J 15:3006-3015, 1996.

151. Weiss RE, Forrest D, Pohlenz J, et al: Thyrotropin regulation by TH in TH receptor beta-deficient mice. Endocrinology 138:3624-3629, 1997.

152. Refetoff S, DeWind LT, DeGroot LJ: Familial syndrome combining deaf-mutism, stippled epiphyses, goiter and abnormally high PBI: possible target organ refractoriness to TH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27:279-294, 1967.

153. Ng L, Hurley JB, Dierks, B, et al: A TH receptor that is required for the development of green cone photoreceptors. Nat Genet 27, 94-98, 2001.

154. Kaneshige M, Kaneshige K, Zhu X, et al: Mice with a targeted mutation in the TH beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to TH. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97, 13209-13214, 2000.

155. Hashimoto K, Curty FH, Borges PP, et al: An unliganded TH receptor causes severe neurological dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 3998-4003, 2001.

156. Shibusawa N, Hashimoto K, Nikrodhanond AA, et al: TH action in the absence of TH receptor DNA-binding in vivo. J Clin Invest. Aug;112: 497-9, 2003.

157. Baumann CT, Maruvada P, Hager GL, Yen PM 2001 Nuclear cytoplasmic shuttling by thyroid hormone receptors. multiple protein interactions are required for nuclear retention. J Biol Chem 276:11237-45

158. Bassett JH, Harvey CB, Williams GR 2003 Mechanisms of thyroid hormone receptor-specific nuclear and extra nuclear actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 213:1-11

159. Cheng SY, Gong QH, Parkison C, et al. 1987 The nucleotide sequence of a human cellular thyroid hormone binding protein present in endoplasmic reticulum. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262:11221-11227

160. Kato H, Fukuda T, Parkison C, McPhie P, Cheng SY 1990 Cytoplasmic thyroid hormone-binding protein is a monomer of pyruvate kinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 86:7681-7685

161. Sterling K, Brenner MA 1995 Thyroid hormone action: effect of triiodothyronine on mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase in vivo and in vitro. Metabolism 44:193-199

162. Wrutniak C, Cassar-Malek I, Marchal S, et al. 1995 A 43 kD protein related to c-erb A alpha 1 is located in the mitochondrial matrix of rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270:16347-16354

163. Cao X, Kambe F, Moeller LC, Refetoff S, Seo H 2005 Thyroid hormone induces rapid activation of Akt/protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin-p70S6K cascade through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human fibroblasts. Mol Endocrinol 19:102-12

164. Moeller LC, Dumitrescu AM, Refetoff S 2005 Cytosolic action of thyroid hormone leads to induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and glycolytic genes. Mol Endocrinol 19:2955-63

165. Bergh JJ, Lin HY, Lansing L, et al. 2005 Integrin alphaVbeta3 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 146:2864-71

166. Farwell AP, Tranter MP, Leonard JL 1995 Thyroxine-dependent regulation of integrin-laminin interactions in astrocytes. Endocrinology 136:3909-15

167. Davis PJ, Davis FB, Cody V 2005 Membrane receptors mediating thyroid hormone action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 16:429-35

168. Underwood AH, Emmett JC, Ellis D, et al. 1986 A thyromimetic that decreases plasma cholesterol levels without increasing cardiac activity. Nature 324:425-9

169. Morkin E, Ladenson P, Goldman S, Adamson C 2004 Thyroid hormone analogs for treatment of hypercholesterolemia and heart failure: past, present and future prospects. J Mol Cell Cardiol 37:1137-46

170. Taylor AH, Stephan ZF, Steele RE, Wong NC 1997 Beneficial effects of a novel thyromimetic on lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 52:542-7

171. Chiellini G, Apriletti JW, Yoshihara HA, Baxter JD, Ribeiro RC, Scanlan TS 1998 A high-affinity subtype-selective agonist ligand for the thyroid hormone receptor. Chem Biol 5:299-306

172. Grover GJ, Mellstrom K, Ye L, et al. 2003 Selective thyroid hormone receptor-beta activation: a strategy for reduction of weight, cholesterol, and lipoprotein (a) with reduced cardiovascular liability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:10067-72

173. Johansson L, Rudling M, Scanlan TS, et al. 2005 Selective thyroid receptor modulation by GC-1 reduces serum lipids and stimulates steps of reverse cholesterol transport in euthyroid mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10297-302

174. Scanlan TS, Suchland KL, Hart ME, et al. 2004 3-Iodothyronamine is an endogenous and rapid-acting derivative of thyroid hormone. Nat Med 10:638-42

175. Morkin E, Pennock GD, Spooner PH, Bahl JJ, Goldman S 2002 Clinical and experimental studies on the use of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid, a thyroid hormone analogue, in heart failure. Thyroid 12:527-33