1 American College of Physicians. Screening for thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:141-3.2 Helfand M, Redfern CC. Screening for thyroid disease: an update. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:144-58.

3 Danese MD, Powe NR, Sawin CT, et al. Screening for mild thyroid failure at the periodic health examination. JAMA 1996;276:285-92.

4 Ladenson PW, Singer PA, Ain KB et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1573-5.

4a Jenkins RC, Weetman AP. Disease associations with autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 2002;11:977-88.

5 Tunbridge WMG, Vanderpump MPJ. Population screening for autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2000; 29:239-53.

5a Hansen D, Bennedbaek FN, Hoier-Madsen M et al. A prospective study of thyroid function, morphology and autoimmunuty in young patients with type I diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003; 148:245-51.

6 Stuckey BGA, Kent GN, Allen JR et al The biochemical and clinical course of postpartum thyroid dysfunction: the treatment decision. Clin Endocrinol 2001;54:377-83.

7 Kennedy RL, Jones TH, Cuckle HS. Down's syndrome and the thyroid. Clin Endocrinol 1992;37:471-6.

7a Elshiekh M, Wass J, Conway GS. Autoimmune thyroid syndrome in women with Turner’s syndrome - the association with karyotype. Clin Endocrinol. 2001;55:223-6.

7b Kaptein EM Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic renal failure Endocrine Reviews 1996; 17: 45-63.

8 Sinard RJ, Tobin EJ, Mazzaferri EL, et al. Hypothyroidism after treatment for nonthyroid head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;126:652-

8a Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A et al Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin’s disease: data from a childhood cancer survivor study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 3227-32.

9 Colao A, Pivonello R, Faggiano A, et al. Increased prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in patients successfully treated for Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol 2000;53:13-9.

9a Niepomniszczse H, Pitoia F, Katz SB et al. Primary thyroid disorders in endogenous Cushing’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002; 147:305-11

9b Eheman CR, Garbe P, Tuttle RM, Autoimmune thyroid disease associated with environmental thyroidal irradiation Thyroid 2003;13:453-64.

9c Zervas A, Katapodi A, Protonotariou A et al. Assessment of thyroid function in two hundred patients with ?-thalassemia major. Thyroid 2002;12:151-4

9d Chu JW, Kao PN, Faul Jl et al. High prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in pulmonary arterial hypertension Chest 2002; 122: 1668-73.

9e Janssen OE, Mehlmauer N, Hahn S et al. High prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 150: 363-9.

10 Trip MD, Wiersinga WM, Plomp TA. Incidence, predictability, and pathogenesis of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Am J Med 1991;91:507-11.

11 Johnston AM, Eagles JM. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Br J Psychiat 1999; 175; 336-9.

11a Miller KK, DanielsGH Association between lithium use and thyrotoxicosis caused by silent thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol 2001;55:501-8.

11c Badros AZ, Siegel E, Bodenner D et al. Hypothyroidism in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide Am J Med 2002; 112: 412-3.

12 Carella C, Mazziotti , Morisco F et al. Long-term outcome of interferon-?-induced thyroid autoimmunity and prognostic influence of thyroid autoantibody pattern at the end of treatment J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1925-9.

12a Carella C, Maziotti G, Morisco F et al. The addition of ribavirin to interferon-? therapy in HCV-related chronic hepatitis does not modify the thyroid autoantibody response, but increases the risk to develop hypothyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002; 146: 743-9.

13 Durelli L, Ferrero B, Oggero A et al. Thyroid function and autoimmunity during interferon ?-1b treatment: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3525-32.14 Schwartzentruber DJ, White DE, Zweig MH, et al. Thyroid dysfunction associated with immunotherapy for patients with cancer. Cancer 1991;68:2384-90.

15 Coles AJ, Wing M, Smith S, et al. Pulsed monoclonal antibody treatment and autoimmune thyroid disease in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1999; 354: 1691-5.

15a Porrretti S, Giavoli C, Ronchi C et al. Recombinant human GH replacement therapy and thyroid function in a large group of adult GH-deficient patients: when does L-T4 therapy become mandatory? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2042-5.

15b Schmiegelow M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Rasmussen AK et al. A population-based study of thyroid function after radiotherapy and chemotherapy for a childhood brain tumor J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:136-40.

16 Benvenga S, Campenni A, Ruggieri RM et al. Hypopituitarism secondary to head trauma. J Clin Endocr Metab 2000; 85: 1353-61.

17 Rooman RP, DuCaju MVL, Op De Beeck L et al. Low thyroxinemia occurs in the majority of very preterm newborns. Eur J Pediatr 1996; 155; 211-5.

18 Fisher DL, The hypothyroxinemia of prematurity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1701-3.

19 LaFranchi S. Congenital hypothyroidism: Etiologies, diagnosis, and management. Thyroid 1999; 9:735-40.

20 Delange F. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: results and perspectives. Hormone Res 1997; 48:51-61.

20a Bhatara V, Sankar R, Unutzer J et al A review of the case for neonatal thyrotropin screening in developing countries; the example of India Thyroid 2002 12: 591-8.

21 Smallridge RC, Ladenson PW. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: consequences to neonatal health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 2349-53.

22 Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, et al. Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor developments in infancy. Clin Endocrinol 1999; 50: 149-55.

22a Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child N Engl J Med 1999; 341:549-55.

23 Allan WC, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening. J Med Screen 2000; 7: 127-30.

24 Amino N, Tada H, Hidaka Y, et al. Screening for postpartum thyroiditis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:1813-21.

24a Poppe K, Glinoer D, Van Steirteghem A et al. Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity in infertile women Thyroid 2002;11:997-1001.

24b Poppe K, Glinoer D, Tournaye H et al. Assisted reproduction and thyroid autoimmunity: an unfortunate combination? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4149-52.

24c Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management JAMA 2004; 291: 228-38.

24d Col NF, Surks MI, Daniels GH. Subclinical thyroid disease: clinical applications. JAMA 2004; 291:239-43.

25 Eggertsen R, Petersen K, Lundberg P-A, et al. Screening for thyroid disease in a primary care unit with a thyroid stimulating hormone assay with a low detection limit. Br Med J 1988; 297:1586-92.

26 Petersen K. Lindstedt G. Lundberg PA, et al. Thyroid disease in middle-aged and elderly Swedish women; thyroid-related hormones, thyroid dysfunction and goitre in relation to age and smoking. J Intern Med 1991;229:407-13.

27 Jarlov AE, Nygaard B, Hegedus L et al. Observer variation in the clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with thyroid dysfunction and goiter. Thyroid 1998;8:393-8.

28 Zulewski H, Muller B, Exer P, et al. Estimation of tissue hypothyroidism by a new clinical score: evaluation of patients with various grades of hypothyroidism and controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:771-6.

29 O'Reilly DStJ. Thyroid function tests: time for a reassessment. Br Med J 2000;320:1332-4.

30 Price A, Weetman AP. Thyroid stimulating hormone outside the normal range has important implications. Br Med J 2000;321:1080.

31 Toft AD, Beckett GJ. Accurate diagnosis depends on both clinical judgement and results of tests. Br Med J 2000;321:1080-1.

32 Toubert M-E, Chevret S, Cassinat B, et al. From guidelines to hospital practice: reducing inappropriate ordering of thyroid hormone and antibody tests. Eur J Endocrinol 2000;142:605-10.

33 Schectman JM, Elinsky EG, Pawlson LG. Effect of education and feedback on thyroid function testing strategies of primary care clinicians. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:2163-6.

33a McDermott MT, Ridgway EC Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4585-90.

34 Nicoloff JT, Spencer CA. The use and misuse of the sensitive thyrotropin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:553-8.

35 Ercan-Fang S, Schwartz HL, Mariash CN, et al. Quantitative assessment of pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone from plots of the logarithm of thyrotropin versus serum free thyroxine index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2299-303.

36 Hershman JM, Pekary AE, Berg L, et al. Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in elderly and middle-aged euthyroid persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:823-8.

37 Stockigt JR. Serum TSH and thyroid hormone measurements and assessment of thyroid hormone transport. In: Braverman LE and Utiger RG, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens, Philadelphia. 8th edn, 2000: 376-92.

38 Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG, French JM, et al. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1995;43:55-68.

39 Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol 1977;7:481-93.

40 Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, et al. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:526-34.

40a Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD et al. Serum TSH, T4 and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988-1994): national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:489-99.

41 Roti E, Uberti ED Post-partum thyroiditis – a clinical update. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:275-9.

42 Kent GN, Stuckey BGA, Allen JR, et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction: clinical assessment and relationship to psychiatric affective morbidity. Clin Endocrinol 1999;51:429-38.

43 Kung AWC, Janus ED. Thyroid dysfunction in ambulatory elderly Chinese subjects in an area of borderline iodine intake. Thyroid 1996;6:111-4.

44 Szabolcs I, Podoba J, Feldkamp J, et al. Comparative screening for thyroid disorders in old age in areas of iodine deficiency, long-term iodine prophylaxis and abundant iodine intake. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:87-92.

45 Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Martino E, et al. The spectrum of thyroid disorders in an iodine-deficient community: the Pescopagano survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:561-6.

46 Stathatos N, Wartofsky L Perioperative management of patients with hypothyroidism Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 2003;32:503-18.

47 Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormones and the heart N Engl J Med 2001;344:501-9.

48 Kahaly GJ. Cardiovascular and atherogenic aspects of subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2000;10:665-79.

49 Parle JV, Maissoneuve P, Sheppard MC et al. Prediction of all cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10 year cohort study. Lancet 2001; 358: 861-5.

50 Martin FIR, Tress BW, Colman PG, et al. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism due to nonionic contrast radiography in the elderly. Am J Med 1993;95:78-82.

51 Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1249-52.

52 Biondi B, Fazio S, Carella C, et al. Cardiac effects of long term thyrotropin-suppressive therapy with levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:334-8.

53 Biondi B, Fazio S, Cuocolo A, et al. Impaired cardiac reserve and exercise capacity in patients receiving long term thyrotropin suppressive therapy with levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4224-8.

54 Wesche MFT, Tiel-v Buul MMC, Lips P, et al. A randomized trial comparing levothyroxine with radioactive iodine in the treatment of sporadic nontoxic goitre. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 998-1005.

55 Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, et al. Risk fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:561-8.

56 Stott DJ, McLellan AR, Findlayson J, et al. Elderly patients with suppressed serum TSH but normal free thyroid hormone levels usually have mild thyroid overactivity and are at increased risk of developing overt hyperthyroidism. Q J Med 1991;78:77-84.

57 Cooper DS, Halpern R, Wood LC, et al. L-thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:18-24.

58 Nystrom E, Caidahl K, Fager G, et al. A double-blind cross-over 12-month study of L-thyroxine treatment of women with ‘subclinical’ hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol 1988;29:63-76.

59 Huber G , Staub J_J, Meier C et al. Prospective study of the spontaneous course of subclinical hypothyroidism: prognostic value of thyrotropin, thyroid reserve and thyroid antibodies J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3221-6.

60 Hak AE, Pols HAP, Visser TJ et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Int Med 2000; 132:270-8.

61 Lekakis J, Papamichael C, Alevizaki M, et al. Flow-mediated, endothelium dependent vasodilatation is impaired in subjects with hypothyroidism, borderline hypothyroidism, and high-normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) values. Thyroid 1997;7:411-4.

62 Monzani F, Di Bello V, Caraccio N, et al. Effect of levothyroxine on cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind placebo controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86;1110-5.

63 Danese MD, Ladenson PW, Meinert CL, et al. Effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild thyroid failure: a quantitative review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2993-3001

63a Meier C, Staub J-J, Roth CB et al. TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4960-6.

64 Haggerty JJ, Stern RA, Mason GA, Beckwith J, Morey CE, Prange Jr AJ. Subclinical hypothyroidism: a modifiable risk factor for depression? Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:508-10.

64a Chadarevian R, Bruckert E, Leenhardt L et al. Components of the fibrinolytic system are differently altered in moderate and severe hypothyroidism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:732-7.

65 Parle JV, Franklyn JA, Crook KW et al. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol 1991; 34:77-83.

66 Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham study. Circulation 1998; 98: 946-52.

67 Dunn JT, Semigran MJ, Delange F The prevention and management of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and its cardiac features Thyroid 1998; 8: 101-6.

68 Ross DS. Hyperthyroidism, thyroid hormone therapy, and bone. Thyroid 1994;4:319-26.

69 Guo C-Y, Weetman AP, Eastell R. Longitudinal changes of bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women on thyroxine. Clin Endocrinol 1997;46:301-7.

70 Franklyn JA. Metabolic changes in hypothyroidism. In: Braverman LE and Utiger RG, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens, Philadelphia. 8th edn, 2000: 833-6.

71 Thompson GR, Soutar AK, Spengel FA et al. Defects of receptor-mediated low density lipoprotein catabolism in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and hypothyroidism in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981;78:2591-5.

72 De Bruin TWA, van Barlingen H, van Linde-Sibenius Trip M, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein B plasma concentrations in hypothyroid, euthyroid, and hyperthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:121-6.

73 Tzotzas T, Krassas GE, Konstantinidis T, et al. Changes in lipoprotein(a) levels in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism before and during treatment. Thyroid 2000;10:803-8.

74 Klausen IC, Nielsen FE, Hegedus, et al. Treatment of hypothyroidism reduces low-density lipoproteins but not lipoprotein(a). Metabolism 1992;41:911-4.

75 Arem R, Escalante DA, Arem N, et al. Effect of L thyroxine therapy on lipoprotein fractions in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, with special reference to lipoprotein(a). Metabolism 1995;44:1559-63. Clin Endocrinol 1995;43:445-9.a). Clin Chem 2000;46:1956-67.

76 Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment. Clinical Investigator 1993;71:367-71

77 Various authors. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid 2003; 13; 1-126.

78 Wardle CA, Fraser WD, Squire CR. Pitfalls in the use of thyrotropin concentration as a first-line thyroid-function test. Lancet 2001;357:1013-4

79 Surks MI, Sievert R. Drugs and thyroid function. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1688-94.

80 Borst GC, Osburne RC, O'Brian JT, et al. Fasting decreases thyrotropin responsiveness to thyrotropin-releasing hormone: a potential cause of misinterpretation of thyroid function tests in the critically ill. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57:380-3

81 Hamblin PS, Dyer SA, Mohr VS, et al. Relationship between thyrotropin and thyroxine changes during recovery from severe hypothyroxinemia of critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62:717-22.

82 Spencer CA, Eigen A, Duda M et al. Sensitive TSH tests – specificity limitations for screening for thyroid disease in hospitalized patients. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1391-6.

83 Stockigt JR. Free thyroid hormone measurement: a critical appraisal. Endocr Metab Clin N Am 2001; 30: 265-89.

84 Stockigt JR. Guidelines for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease: nonthyroidal illness. Clin Chem 1996;42:188-92.

85 Hein MD, Jackson IMD. Review: thyroid function in psychiatric illness. Gen Hosp Psychiat 1990; 12:232-44.

86 White AJ, Barraclough B. Thyroid disease and mental illness: a study of thyroid disease in psychiatric admissions. J Psychomatic Res 1988; 32:99-106.

87 MacDonald LA,Sackett DL, Haynes RB et al. Labelling in hypertension, a review of the behavioural and psychological consequences. J Chron Dis 1984; 37:933-42.

88 Ransohoff DF, Feinstein AR. Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med 1978; 299:926-30.

89 Weetman AP. Hypothyroidism: screening and subclinical disease. Br Med J 1997; 314;1175-8.89a Meier C, Trittibach P, Guglielmetti M et al. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone in assessment of the severity of tissue hypothyroidism in patients with overt thyroid failure: cross sectional survey Br Med J 2003; 326: 311-2.

90 Nordyke RA, Reppun TS, Madanay LD, et al. Alternative sequences of thyrotropin and free thyroxine assays for routine thyroid function testing. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:266-72

91 Snyder PJ, Utiger RD. Inhibition of thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone by small quantities of thyroid hormones. J Clin Invest 1972;51:2077-84

92 Vagenakis AG, Rapoport B, Azizi F, et al. Hyperresponse to thyrotropin-releasing hormone accompanying small decreases in serum thyroid hormone concentrations. J Clin Invest 1974;54:913-8

93 Meier CA, Maisey MN, Lowry A,et al. Interindividual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the interpretation of thyroid function tests. Clin Endocrinol 1993;39:101-7

94 Meikle AW, Stringham JD, Woodward MG, et al.. Hereditary and environmental influences on the variation of thyroid hormone in normal male twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:588-92

95 Andersen S, Pedersen K, Bruun NH et al. Narrow individual variation in serum T4 and T3 in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1068-72.

96 Weeke J, Gundersen HJ, Circadian and 30 minute variations in serum TSH and thyroid hormones in normal subjects. Acta Endocrinol 1978; 89:659-72.

97 Lewis GF, Alessi CA, Imperial JG, et al. Low serum free thyroxine index in ambulating elderly is due to a resetting of the threshold of thyrotropin feedback suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:843-9

98 Kabadi UM, Cech R. Normal thyroxine and elevated thyrotropin concentrations: evolving hypothyroidism or persistent euthyroidism with reset thyrostat. J Endocrinol Invest 1997;20:319-26

99 Fischer HRA, Hackeng WHL, Schopman W, Silberbusch J. Analysis of factors in hyperthyroidism, which determine the duration of suppressive treatment before recovery of thyroid stimulating hormone secretion. Clin Endocrinol 1982; 16: 575-85.

100 Amino N, Mori H, Iwatani Y, et al. High prevalence of transient post-partum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1982;306:849-52

101 Orgiazzi J. Anti-TSH receptor antibodies in clinical practice. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1999; 29: 339-55.

102 Pekary AE, Jackson IM, Goodwin TM, et al Increased in vitro thyrotropic activity of partially sialylated human chorionic gonadotropin extracted from hydatidiform moles of patients with hyperthyroidism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76:70-4.

103 Brenta G, Schnitman M, Fretes O et al. Comparative efficacy and side effects of the treatment of euthyroid goiter with levo-thyroxine or trithyroacetic acid J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5287-92.

104 Re RN, Kourides IA, Ridgeway EC, Weintraub BD, Maloof F. The effect of glucocorticoid administration on human pituitary secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;43:338-46.

105Van den Berghe G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:731-7.

106 Martino E, Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, et al. The effects of amiodarone on the thyroid. Endocr Rev 2001; 22: 240-54.

in Endocrinol 1982; 16: 575-85.

107 Sato T, Suzuki Y, Taketani T, et al. Age-related change in pituitary threshold for TSH release during thyroxine replacement therapy for cretinism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;44:553-9.

108 Van Sande J, Parma J, Tonacchera M, et al. Somatic and germline mutations of the TSH receptor gene in thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2577-85.

109 Refetoff S, Weiss RE, Usala SJ. The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone. Endocr Rev 1993;14:348-99.

110 Smith PJ, Surks MI. Multiple effects of diphenylhydantoin on the thyroid hormone system. Endocr Rev 1984;5:514-24.

111 Bonomi M, Proverbio MC, Weber G et al. Hyperplastic pituitary gland, high serum glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, and variable circulating TSH levels as hallmark of central hypothyroidism due to mutations of the TSH beta gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1600-4

112 Oliviera JHA, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P et al. Investigating the paradox of high serum TSH levels in Sheehan's syndrome: characterization of TSH carbohydrate content and bioactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1694-9.

119 Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M. Current status and performance goals for serum thyrotropin (TSH) assays. Clin Chem 1996;42:140-5.

120 Mariotti S, Barbesino G, Caturegli P, et al. Complex alteration of thyroid function in healthy centenarians J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1130-4

121 Verheecke P. Free triiodothyronine concentration in serum of 1050 euthyroid children is inversely related to their age. Clin Chem 1997;43:963-7.

122 Wiersinga WM, Nonthyroidal illness. In: Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid. LE Braverman, RD Utiger eds. Lippincott Williams &Wilkens, Philadelphia, 8th Edn, 2000: 281-95.

123 Lim VS, Zavata DC,Flanigan MJ et al. Basal oxygen uptake: a new technique for an old test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 863-8.

124 Sarne DH, Refetoff S, Rosenfield R et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin in the diagnosis of peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone: the value of changes after short-term triiodothyronine administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66:740-6.

125 Yotsumoto H, Imai Y, Kuzuya N, et al Increased levels of serum angiotensin converting enzyme in hyperthyroidiuism. Ann Intern Med 1982; 86: 326-8.

126 Takamatsu J, Majima M, Miki K et al. Serum ferritin as a marker of thyroid hormone action on peripheral tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61: 672-6.

127 Stockigt JR, Stevens V, White EL, Barlow JW. "Unbound analog" radioimmunoassays for free thyroxin measure the albumin-bound hormone fraction. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 1408-10.

128 Surks MI, Defesi CR: Normal free thyroxine concentrations in patients treated with phenytoin or carbamazepine: a paradox resolved. JAMA 1996; 275: 1495-8

129 Law LK, Cheung CK, Swaminathan R. Falsely high thyroxine results by fluorescence polarization in sera with high background fluorescence. Clin Chem 1988;34:1918-20.

130 Ritter D, Stott R, Grant N, Nahm NH. Endogenous antibodies that interfere with thyroxine fluorescence polarization assay but not with radioimmunoassay or EMIT. Clin Chem 1993;39: 508-11.

131 Beck-Peccoz P, Romelli PB, Cattaneo MG et al. Evaluation of free T4 methods in the presence of iodothyronine autoantibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:736-9.

132 Després N, Grant AM. Antibody interference in thyroid assays: a potential for clincial misinformation. Clin Chem 1998;44:440-54.

133 Norden AGW, Jackson RA, Norden LE, et al: Misleading results from immunoassays of serum free thyroxine in the presence of rheumatoid factor. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 957-62.

134 Beck-Peccoz P, Persani L. Variable biological activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Europ J Endocrinol 1994;131: 331-40.

135 Beck-Peccoz P, Brucker-Davis F, Persani L, et al. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Endocr Rev 1996;17:610-38.

136 Davey R. Thyroxine, thyrotropin, and age in a euthyroid hospital patient population. Clin Chem 1997;43:2143-8.

137 Caldwell G, Kellett HA, Gow SM, et al. A new strategy for thyroid function testing. Lancet 1985; 4: 1117-9.

137a Beckett GJ, Toft AD First-line thyroid function tests-TSH alone is not enough Clin Endocrinol 2003; 56; 20-1.

138 Ekins RP Measurement of free hormones in blood Endocr Rev 1990; 9: 5-46.

139 Braverman LE. Evaluation of thyroid status in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 174-8.

140 Takamatsu J, Kuma K, Mozai T. Serum triiodothyronine to thyroxine ratio: a newly recognized predictor of the outcome of hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;62: 980-3.

141 Sobrinho LG, Limbert ES, Santos MA. Thyroxine toxicosis in patients with iodine induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977;45:25-9.

142 Amino N, Yabu Y, Miki Y, et al. Serum ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and thyroxine-binding globulin and calcitonin concentrations in Graves' disease and destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:113-6.

143 Bartalena L, Pinchera A. Levothyroxine suppressive therapy: harmful and useless or harmless and useful? J Endocrinol Invest 1994;17:675-6.

144 Lum SM, Nicoloff JT, Spencer CA, et al. Peripheral tissue mechanisms for maintenance of serum triiodothyronine values in a thyroxine-deficient state in man. J Clin Invest 1984; 73: 570-5.

145 Docter R, Krenning EP, de Jong M, et al. The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and thyroid hormone metabolism. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 39:499-518.

146 Spencer CA, Schwarzbein D, Guttler RB, et al. Thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone stimulation test responses employing third and fourth generation TSH assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:494-8

147 Laurberg P. Persistent problems with the specificity of immunometric TSH assays. Thyroid 1993; 3: 279-83.

148 Morley JE, Neuroendocrine control of thyrotropin secretion. Endocr Rev 1981; 2: 396-436.

149 Staub J-J, Noelpp B, Grani R, et al. The relationship of serum thyrotropin (TSH) to the thyroid hormones after oral TSH-releasing hormone in patients with preclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 56:449-53.

150 Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocr Metab 2001; 86: 1447-63.

150a Pacini F, Fugazzola L, Lippi F et al Detection of thyroglobulin in fine needle aspirates of non-thyroidal neck masses: a clue to the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer 1992; 74:1401-4.

150b Knudsen N, Bülow I, Jorgensen T et al. Serum Tg - a marker of thyroid abnormalities and iodine deficiency in epidemiological studies J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3599-603.

151 Mariotti S, Caturegli P, Piccolo P, et al. Antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in thyroid diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:661-9.

152 Lazarus JH The effects of lithium therapy on thyroid and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Thyroid 1998; 8; 909-13.

153 Murakami T, Masumoto T, Michitaka K, et al. Prediction of interferon–alpha-induced thyroid dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastro Hepat 1995; 10: 528-31.

154 Lazarus JH, Hall R, Othman S, et al. The clinical spectrum of postpartum thyroid disease. Q J Med 1996; 89: 429-35.

155 Pop VJ, Maartens LH, Leusink G, et al. Are autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and depression related ? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3194-7.

156 Costagliola S, Morgenthaler NG, Hoermann R, et al. Second generation assay for thyrotropin receptor antibodies has superior diagnostic sensitivity for Graves' disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:90-7.

157 Laurberg P, Nygaard B, Glinoer D, et al. Guidelines for TSH-receptor antibody measurements in pregnancy: results of an evidence-based symposium organized by the European Thyroid Association. Europ J Endocrinol 1998;139:584-6.

158 Michelangeli V, Poon C, Taft J, et al. The prognostic value of thyrotropin receptor antibodymeasurement in the early stages of treatment of Graves' disease with antithyroid drugs. Thyroid 1998; 8: 119-24.

159 Burmeister LA, Reverse T3 does not reliably differentiate hypothyroid sick syndrome from euthyroid sick syndrome. Thyroid 1995; 5: 435-41.

160 Hollander CS, Mitsuma T,Nihei N, et al Clinical and laboratory observations in cases of triiodothyronine toxicosis confirmed by radioimmunoassay. Lancet 1970; 1: 609-11

161 Sterling K, Refetoff S, Selenkow H. T3 thyrotoxicosis. Thyrotoxicosis due to elevated serum triiodothyronine levels. JAMA 1970; 213:571-5.

162 Lum SMC, Kaptein EM, Nicoloff JT Influence of nonthyroidal illnesses on serum thyroid hormone indices in hyperthyroidism. West J Med 1983;128:670-3.

163 Inada M, Sterling K: Thyroxine transport in thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism J Clin Invest 1967;46:1442-50.

164 Nauman JA, Nauman A, Werner SC: Total and free triiodothyronine in human serum. J Clin Invest 1967;46:1346-55.

165 Homsanit M, Sriussadaporn S, Vannasaeng et al Efficacy of single daily dosage of methimazole vs. propylthiouracil in the induction of euthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol 2001;545:385-90.

166 Davies PH, Franklyn JA, Daykin J et al. The significance of TSH values measured in a sensitive assay in the follow-up of hyperthyroid partients treated with radioiodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1189-94.

167 Rothwell PM, Udwadia ZF, Lawler PG. Thyrotropin concentration predicts outcome in critical illness. Anaesthesia 1993;48:373-6.

168 Fraser WD, Biggart EM, O'Reilly DStJ, et al. Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement? Br Med J 1986;293:808-10

169 Ross DS, Daniels GH, Gouveia D. The use and limitations of a chemiluminescent TSH assay as a single thyroid function test in an outpatient endocrine clinic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:764-9.

170 Fish LH, Schwartz HL, Cavanaugh J, et al. Replacement dose, metabolism and bioavailability of levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1987; 316; 764-70.

170a Ferretti E, Persani L, Jaffrain-Rea ML et al. Evaluation of adequacy of levothyroxine replacement in patients with central hypothyroidism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:924-9.

171 Ain KB, Pucino F, Shiver TM, Banks SM. Thyroid hormone levels affected by time of blood sampling in thyroxine-treated patients. Thyroid 1993; 3:81-5.

172 Surks MI, Schadlow AR, Oppenheimer JH. A new radioimmunoassay for plasma L-triiodothyronine: measurements in thyroid disease and in patients maintained on hormonal replacement. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:3104-13.

173 Larsen PR, Thyroid-pituitary interaction: feedback regulation of thyrotropin secretion by thyroid hormones. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:23-32.

174 Roti E, Minelli R, Gardini E, et al. The use and misuse of thyroid hormone. Endocr Rev 1993; 14: 401-23.

175 DeGroot LG Dangerous dogmas in medicine: the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:151-64.

176 Sapin R, Schlienger J-L, Gasser F et al: Intermethod discordant free thyroxine measurements in bone marrow-transplanted patients. Clin Chem 2000;46:418-22.

177 Van den Berghe G. Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of critical illness. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143;1-13.

178 Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al: Reactivation of pituitary hormone release and metabolic improvement by infusion of growth hormone releasing peptides and thyrotropin releasing hormone in patients with protracted critical illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1311-23.

178a Siraj Es, Gupta MK, Reddy SS Raloxifene causing malabsorption of levothyroxine Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1367-70.

179 Stevenson HP, Archbold GPR, Johnston P, et al Misleading serum free thyroxine results during low molecular weight heparin treatment. Clin Chem 1998;44;1002-7.

180 Hawkins RC. Furosemide interference in newer free thyroxine assays. Clin Chem 44:2550, 1998

181 Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Patel A, et al. Applications of a new chemiluminometric thyrotropin assay to subnormal measurement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:453-60.

182 Franklyn JA, Black EG, Betteridge J et al. Comparison of second and third generation methods for measuring serum thyrotropin in patients receiving thyroxine and in those with nonthyroidal illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 1368-71.

183 Guimaraes V, DeGroot LJ, Moderate hypothyroidism in preparation for whole body 131I scintiscans and thyroglobulin testing. Thyroid 1996; 6;69-73.

184 Ladenson PW, Braverman LE, Mazzaferri EL, et al. Comparison of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 888-96.

185 Maxon HR, Smith HS, Radioiodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic well differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1990; 19:685-717.

186 Cailleux AF, Baudin E, Travagli et al. Is diagnostic I-131 scanning useful after total thyroid ablation for differentiated thyroid cancer ? J Clin Endocrinal Metab 2000; 85: 175-8.

186a Wartofsky L, et al. Management of low risk well-differentiated thyroid cancer based only on thyroglobulin measurement after recombinant human thyrotropin Thyroid 2002; 12: 583-90.

186b Weightman DR, Mallick UK, Fenwick JD et al. Discordant serum thyroglobulin results generated by two classes of assay in patients with thyroid carcinoma: correlation with clinical outcome after 3 years of follow-up Cancer 2003; 98:41-7.

186c Pacini F, Molinaro M, Castagna MG et al Recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin combined with neck ultrasonography has the highest sensitivity in monitoring differentiated thyroid carcinoma J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3668-73.

186d Frasoldati A, Pesenti M, Gallo M et al Diagnosis of neck recurrences in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer Cancer 2003; 97: 90-6.

187 Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Huang T-S. Serum thyrotropin in hospitalized psychiatric patients: evidence for hyperthyrotropinemia as measured by an ultrasensitive thyrotropin assay. Metabolism 1990;39:538-43.

188 Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev 1997;18:404-33.

188a Ball R, Freedman DB, Holmes JC et al. Low normal concentrations of free thyroxin in serum in late pregnancy: physiological fact, not technical artefact. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 1891-6.

189 Roti E, Gardini E, Minelli R et al. Thyroid function evaluation by different commercially available free thyroid hormone measurement kits in term pregnant women and their newborns. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14: 1-9.

190 Osathanondh R, Tulshinsky D, Chopra IJ, Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in normal and complicated pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 42:98-104.

191 Bartalena L. Thyroid hormone-binding proteins: Update 1994. Endocrine Reviews Monographs. 3. Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Diseases of the Thyroid. Braverman LE, Refetoff S, eds. The Endocrine Society 1994;140-2.

192 Blackett PR, Fry H, Garnica A, Blick K. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine autoantibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis with severe hormone-resistant hypothyroidism. J Ped Endocrinol 1994;7:65-8.

193 Pearce CJ, Himsworth RL. Total and free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients receiving maintenance replacement treatment with thyroxine. Br Med J 1984;288:693-5.

194 Kew MC. Thyroxine binding globulin, hyperthyroxinemia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1991;13:808-9

195 Maye P, Bisetti A, Burger A, et al. Hyperprealbuminemia, euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia, Zollinger-Ellison-like syndrome and hypercorticism in a pancreatic endocrine tumour. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:87-91.

196 Mori M, Amino N, Tamaki H, Miyai K, Tanizawa O. Morning sickness and thyroid function in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988;72:355-9.

197 Newnham HH, Hamblin PF, Long F, et al. Effect of oral frusemide on diagnostic indices of thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol 1986; 26: 423-31.

198 Chopra IJ, Hershman JM, Hornabrook RW. Serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in subjects from endemic goiter regions of New Guinea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975;40:326-33.199 Inada M, Nishikawa M, Kawai I. Hypothyroidism associated with positive results of the perchlorate discharge test in elderly patients. Am J Med 1983;74:1010-5.

200 Covinsky M, Laterza O, Pfeifer JD et al. An IgM antibody to eschericia coli produces false positive results in multiple immunometric assays. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1157-61.

201 Kailajarvi M, Takala T, Gronroos P et al. Reminders of drug effects on laboratory test results. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1395-1400.

201a Ismail AAA, Walker PL, Cawood ML et al Interference in immunoassay is an underestimated problem Ann Clin Biochem 2002; 39: 366-73.

202 Kricka LJ, Interferences in immunoasay – still a threat. Clin Chem 2000; 46:1037-8.